Table 1.
List of abbreviations
| Abbreviation | Definition |
|---|---|
| 2ʹ-F | 2ʹ-fluoro |
| 2ʹ-OMe | 2ʹ-O-methyl |
| 2ʹ-MOE | 2ʹ-O-methoxyethyl |
| AASLD | American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases |
| AAV | adeno-associated virus |
| Acc | acetyl-coenzyme A carboxylase |
| AcNH | N-acetylamine |
| ADA-SCID | adenosine deaminase-deficient severe combined immunodeficiency |
| ADGRF1 | adhesion G-protein-coupled receptor F1 |
| ADR | adverse drug reaction |
| AdV | adenovirus |
| AEAA | aminoethyl anisamide |
| AEG-1 | astrocyte elevated gene 1 |
| AGO2 | Argonaute 2 protein |
| AHP | acute hepatic porphyria |
| ALT | alanine transaminase |
| AMLN | amylin liver nonalcoholic steatohepatitis |
| anti-miR | anti-miRNA oligonucleotide |
| APOC3 | apolipoprotein C 3 |
| ApoE | apolipoprotein E |
| ASGPR | asialoglycoprotein receptor |
| asiRNA | asymmetric siRNA |
| ASK1 | apoptosis signal-regulating kinase 1 |
| ASO | antisense oligonucleotide |
| AST | alanine aminotransferase |
| BDNF | brain-derived neurotrophic factor |
| BNA | bridged nucleic acid |
| CAR | chimeric antigen receptor |
| CCR2/5 | C-C chemokine receptor type 2/5 |
| CDAA | choline-deficient/amino acid-defined |
| CDHFD | choline-deficient high-fat diet |
| CE | cholesterol esters |
| CHREBP | carbohydrate response element binding protein |
| CLCF1 | cardiotrophin-like cytokine factor 1 |
| CMV | cytomegalovirus |
| CpG | cytosine phosphate-guanine |
| CPP | cell-penetrating peptide |
| CRN | Clinical Research Network |
| CYP7A1 | cholesterol 7α-hydroxylase |
| DAMP | damage-associated molecular pattern |
| DGAT2 | diacylglycerol acyltransferase 2 |
| DIO | diet-induced obese |
| DLinDMA | 1, 2-dilinoleyloxy-N,N-dimethyl-3-aminopropane |
| DLin-MC3-DMA | dilinoleylmethyl-4-dimethylaminobutyrate |
| DMD | Duchenne muscular dystrophy |
| DMN | dimethylnitrosamine |
| DNL | de novo lipogenesis |
| DSPC | distearolyphosphatidylcholine |
| dsRNA | double-stranded RNA |
| EASL | European Association for the Study of the Liver |
| ECM | extracellular matrix |
| ENA | ethylene-bridged nucleic acid |
| ER | endoplasmic reticulum |
| ESC | enhanced stabilization chemistry |
| ESC+ | enhanced stabilization chemistry-plus |
| ETC | electron transfer chain |
| FA | fatty acid |
| FASN | fatty acid synthase |
| FDA | US Food and Drug Administration |
| FFA | free fatty acid |
| FGF12/19 | fibroblast growth factor 12/19 |
| Fxr | farnesoid X receptor |
| GalNAc | N-acetylgalactosamine |
| GAN | Gubra amylin nonalcoholic steatohepatitis |
| GI | gastrointestinal |
| GIP | glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide |
| GIP-R | insulinotropic polypeptide receptor |
| GLP-1R | glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor |
| GLU-R | glucagon receptors |
| GNA | glycol nucleic acid |
| GPCR | G-protein-coupled receptor |
| GWAS | genome-wide association study |
| HAO1 | hydroxyacid oxidase 1 |
| hATTR | hereditary transthyretin |
| HBV | hepatitis B virus |
| HCC | hepatocellular carcinoma |
| HCV | hepatitis C virus |
| HF/HS | high fat and sucrose |
| HFD | high-fat diet |
| HFFC | high-fat/fructose/cholesterol |
| HFHCD | high-fat/cholesterol diet |
| HMGB1 | high-mobility group box 1 |
| HSC | hepatic stellate cell |
| HSD17B13 | 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase 13 |
| HSP47 | 47-kDa heat-shock protein |
| HULC | highly upregulated in liver cancer |
| ICAM-1 | intercellular adhesion molecule 1 |
| ICC | interstitial cell of Cajal |
| Ihh | Indian hedgehog |
| IPF | idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis |
| IR | insulin resistance |
| JNK | c-Jun N-terminal kinase |
| KC | Kupffer cell |
| KLF11 | Krüppel-like factor 11 |
| LD | lipid droplet |
| LDLR | low-density lipoprotein receptor |
| LICA | ligand-conjugated antisense oligonucleotide |
| LNA | locked nucleic acid |
| lncRNA | long non-coding RNA |
| LNP | lipid nanoparticles |
| LPH | lipid-protamine-hyaluronic acid |
| LV | lentivirus |
| LXR | liver X receptor |
| MALAT1 | metastasis-associated lung adenocarcinoma transcript 1 |
| MAP | mitogen-activated protein |
| MAPK | mitogen-activated protein kinase |
| MAPKKK | mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase |
| MASH | metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis |
| MASLD | metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease |
| MCD | deficient in methionine and choline |
| MCJ | methylation-controlled J protein |
| miRNA | microRNA |
| MoMF | monocyte-derived macrophages |
| mRNA | messenger RNA |
| MST3 | mammalian sterile 20-like 3 |
| mtDNA | mitochondrial DNA |
| NAFLD | nonalcoholic fatty liver disease |
| NAS | nonalcoholic fatty liver disease activity scoring |
| NASH | nonalcoholic steatohepatitis |
| ncRNA | non-coding RNA |
| NDA | new drug application |
| NEAT1 | nuclear paraspeckle assembly transcript 1 |
| NF-кB | nuclear factor κB |
| OCA | obeticholic acid |
| Opn | osteopontin |
| PAMAM | poly-amidoamine |
| PANK | pantothenate kinase |
| PARP | potential poly(adenosine 5′-diphosphate ribose) polymerase |
| PCSK7 | proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 7 |
| PEG | polyethylene glycol |
| PGC-1α | peroxisomal proliferator-activated receptor γ co-activator 1α |
| PH1 | primary hyperoxaluria type 1 |
| PKLR | pyruvate kinase L/R |
| PMO | phosphorodiamidate morpholino oligomers |
| PNA | peptide nucleic acid |
| PNPLA3 | patatin-like phospholipase domain-containing 3 |
| PO | phosphodiester |
| PPAR | peroxisomal proliferator-activated receptor |
| pri-miRNA | primary miRNA |
| PRR | pattern-recognition receptor |
| PS | phosphorothioate |
| RISC | RNA-induced silencing complex |
| RNAi | RNA interference |
| ROS | reactive oxygen species |
| SAHA | suberanilohydroxamic acid |
| SalB | salvianolic acid B |
| saRNA | small activating RNA |
| Scd | stearoyl-CoA dehydrogenase |
| SGLT-1/2 | sodium-glucose co-transporter 1/2 |
| shRNA | short hairpin RNA |
| siRNA | short interfering RNA |
| SIRT1 | silent information regulator 1 |
| SMS1 | sphingomyelin synthase 1 |
| SREBF2 | sterol-regulatory element binding factor 2 |
| SREBP1c | sterol-regulatory element binding protein 1c |
| STC | standard template chemistry |
| STK | serine/threonine protein kinase |
| T2D | type 2 diabetes |
| T3 | tri-iodothyronine |
| tcDNA | tricyclo-DNA |
| TG | triglyceride |
| THR-β | thyroid hormone receptor β |
| TLR | Toll-like receptor |
| TNF-α | tumor necrosis factor |
| TRBP | transactivation-responsive RNA-binding protein |
| TTR | transthyretin |
| TZD | thiazolidinedione |
| UNA | unlocked nucleic acid |
| UPR | unfolded protein response |
| UTR | untranslated region |
| VAP-1 | vascular adhesion protein-1 |
| VLDL | very-low-density lipoproteins |
| WAT | white adipose tissue |
| YAP | Yes-associated protein |