TABLE 2.

Exosome protein markers

Exosome markers	Location	Collection and detection methods	References
Alix (PDCD6IP)	Cytoplasm	Ultracentrifugation	82,83
CD9	Plasma membrane	Immunohistochemistry	84–86
CD24	Plasma	Ultracentrifugation; Immunohistochemistry	87,88
CD63	Plasma membrane and cytosol	Immunohistochemistry	86,89,90
CD81	Plasma membrane	Immunohistochemistry	84
CPNE3	Plasma	Ultracentrifugation; Immunohistochemistry	91
EDIL3	Plasma	Ultracentrifugation	87,92
Exo-PD-L1	Serum	Immunohistochemistry	93
Fibronectin	Plasma	Ultracentrifugation	87,94
FLOT1	Plasma membrane	Ultracentrifugation, immunoblotting	95,96
HSP70	Serum, plasma membrane	Ultracentrifugation	97
TEX	Plasma	Density gradient ultracentrifugation; size exclusion chromatography (SEC); Differential centrifugation; Ultrafiltration	98
TfR	Perinuclear or plasma membrane	Ultracentrifugation; Size-exclusion chromatography (SEC)	99,100
TSG101	Cytoplasm	Ultracentrifugation, immunoblotting	101,102

Abbreviations: CPNE3, Copine III; EDIL3, EGF-Like Repeats and Discoidin I-Like Domains Protein 3; Exo-PD-L1, Exosomal programmed cell-death ligand 1; FLOT1, flotillin 1; PDCD6IP, Programmed cell death 6-interacting protein; TEX, Tumor-Derived Exosomes; TfR, Transferrin receptor; TSG101, Tumor susceptibility gene 101.