Table 2.
Logistic regression analyses of the associations between social determinants of health and having ≥ 1 ED visit in the prior 12 months among older adults with multimorbidity (N = 28,917)
| Social determinants of health | Model 1a | Model 2b | Model 3c | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| AOR (95% CI) | AOR (95% CI) | AOR (95% CI) | ||
| Age (years) | ||||
| 50–64 | - | Ref | Ref | |
| ≥ 65 | - | 0.76 (0.71–0.82) * | 0.77 (0.71–0.82) * | |
| Sex | ||||
| Female | - | Ref | Ref | |
| Male | - | 1.01 (0.95–1.07) | 1.01 (0.95–1.08) | |
| Marital status | ||||
| Currently married | Ref | Ref | Ref | |
| Not married | 1.20 (1.12–1.28) * | 1.22 (1.14–1.31) * | 1.19 (1.11–1.28) * | |
| Race/ethnicity | ||||
| Non-Hispanic White | Ref | Ref | Ref | |
| Hispanic | 1.07 (0.97–1.18) | 1.06 (0.96–1.17) | 1.10 (1.00–1.22) | |
| Non-Hispanic Black | 1.28 (1.19–1.38) * | 1.25 (1.16–1.35) * | 1.28 (1.19–1.38) * | |
| Non-Hispanic Asian | 0.66 (0.55–0.79) * | 0.67 (0.56–0.80) * | 0.71 (0.59–0.86) * | |
| Non-Hispanic Other | 1.28 (0.93–1.76) | 1.23 (0.89–1.69) | 1.08 (0.78–1.50) | |
| Education | ||||
| ≥ Bachelor’s degree | Ref | Ref | Ref | |
| Some college | 1.11 (1.02–1.20) * | 1.09 (1.00–1.18) * | 1.05 (0.97–1.14) | |
| ≤ High school | 1.14 (1.06–1.23) * | 1.15 (1.06–1.24) * | 1.10 (1.02–1.19) * | |
| Poverty income ratio (PIR) † | ||||
| PIR ≥ 2.00 | Ref | Ref | Ref | |
| PIR 1-1.99 | 1.28 (1.18–1.39) * | 1.26 (1.16–1.37) * | 1.19 (1.10–1.30) * | |
| PIR < 1 | 1.70 (1.55–1.86) * | 1.59 (1.44–1.75) * | 1.44 (1.31–1.59) * | |
| Employment status | ||||
| Employed | Ref | Ref | Ref | |
| Unemployed | 1.35 (1.26–1.45) * | 1.52 (1.41–1.64) * | 1.33 (1.23–1.44) * | |
| Health insurance status | ||||
| Insured | Ref | Ref | Ref | |
| Not insured | 1.02 (0.87–1.18) | 0.92 (0.79–1.07) | 1.00 (0.85–1.16) | |
| Have a usual place for medical care | ||||
| No | Ref | Ref | Ref | |
| Yes | 1.54 (1.26–1.89) * | 1.57 (1.28–1.93) * | 1.46 (1.18–1.80) * | |
| Region | ||||
| Northeast | Ref | Ref | Ref | |
| Midwest | 1.08 (0.98–1.19) | 1.08 (0.97–1.19) | 1.06 (0.96–1.17) | |
| South | 0.95 (0.87–1.03) | 0.94 (0.86–1.03) | 0.91 (0.83–1.00) | |
| West | 0.95 (0.85–1.05) | 0.95 (0.85–1.05) | 0.94 (0.84–1.05) | |
| Number of chronic conditions | ||||
| 2 | - | - | Ref | |
| 3–4 | - | - | 1.76 (1.65–1.88) * | |
| ≥ 5 | - | - | 3.56 (3.23–3.92) * | |
a. Model 1: Adjusted for other social determinants of health b. Model 2: Adjusted for other social determinants of health, age, and sex. c. Model 3: Adjusted for other social determinants of health, age, sex, and number of chronic conditions *Denotes statistical significance (P <.05) ED, emergency department; AOR, adjusted odds ratio; CI, confidence interval; PIR < 1 = below poverty level; †PIR 1-1.99 = between 100-199% above poverty level; PIR ≥ 2 = 200% or above poverty level. Results are weighted