Table 1.
Distribution of sociodemographic characteristics and other covariates at baseline (2020), any healthcare avoidance and delay at follow-up (2021), and experienced discrimination due to transgender identity among 190 South Korean transgender adults.
| Distribution | Any HADa |
Experienced anti-transgender discriminationb |
||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| at neither wave | at baseline only | at follow-up only | at both waves | |||||
| N (%) | N (%) | P-valuec | N (%) | N (%) | N (%) | N (%) | P-valuec | |
| Total | 190 (100.0) | 130 (68.4) | 36 (19.0) | 35 (18.4) | 17 (9.0) | 102 (53.7) | ||
| Transgender identity | <0.001 | 0.008 | ||||||
| Trans woman | 64 (33.7) | 36 (56.3) | 15 (23.4) | 10 (15.6) | 9 (14.1) | 30 (46.9) | ||
| Trans man | 23 (12.1) | 14 (60.9) | 10 (43.5) | 6 (26.1) | 0 (0.0) | 7 (30.4) | ||
| Nonbinary AFAB | 74 (38.9) | 64 (86.5) | 7 (9.5) | 15 (20.3) | 5 (6.8) | 47 (63.5) | ||
| Nonbinary AMAB | 29 (15.3) | 16 (55.2) | 4 (13.8) | 4 (13.8) | 3 (10.3) | 18 (62.1) | ||
| Sexual orientation | 0.010 | 0.030 | ||||||
| Heterosexual | 31 (16.3) | 14 (45.2) | 11 (35.5) | 4 (12.9) | 1 (3.2) | 15 (48.4) | ||
| Lesbian/gay | 23 (12.1) | 13 (56.5) | 9 (39.1) | 3 (13.0) | 1 (4.3) | 10 (43.5) | ||
| Bisexual | 82 (43.2) | 61 (74.4) | 8 (9.8) | 17 (20.7) | 12 (14.6) | 45 (54.9) | ||
| Asexual | 41 (21.6) | 31 (75.6) | 7 (17.1) | 7 (17.1) | 2 (4.9) | 25 (61.0) | ||
| Others | 13 (6.8) | 11 (84.6) | 1 (7.7) | 4 (30.8) | 1 (7.7) | 7 (53.8) | ||
| Age (years) | 0.941 | 0.064 | ||||||
| 19-24 | 101 (53.2) | 70 (69.3) | 13 (12.9) | 19 (18.8) | 12 (11.9) | 57 (56.4) | ||
| 25-29 | 54 (28.4) | 37 (68.5) | 12 (22.2) | 12 (22.2) | 4 (7.4) | 26 (48.1) | ||
| 30-39 | 33 (17.4) | 22 (66.7) | 9 (27.3) | 4 (12.1) | 1 (3.0) | 19 (57.6) | ||
| 40-60 | 2 (1.1) | 1 (50.0) | 2 (100.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | ||
| Highest educational attainment | 0.488 | 0.687 | ||||||
| High school graduate or lower | 124 (65.3) | 88 (71.0) | 22 (17.7) | 21 (16.9) | 12 (9.7) | 69 (55.6) | ||
| 2-year college | 14 (7.4) | 8 (57.1) | 5 (35.7) | 3 (21.4) | 1 (7.1) | 5 (35.7) | ||
| 4-year college | 46 (24.2) | 29 (63.0) | 9 (19.6) | 10 (21.7) | 4 (8.7) | 23 (50.0) | ||
| Graduate school | 6 (3.2) | 5 (83.3) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (16.7) | 0 (0.0) | 5 (83.3) | ||
| Monthly individual income (1000 Korean Won) | 0.094 | 0.470 | ||||||
| None | 109 (57.4) | 79 (72.5) | 17 (15.6) | 24 (22.0) | 10 (9.2) | 58 (53.2) | ||
| <1000 | 25 (13.2) | 17 (68.0) | 5 (20.0) | 0 (0.0) | 3 (12.0) | 17 (68.0) | ||
| 1000-1999 | 35 (18.4) | 23 (65.7) | 8 (22.9) | 7 (20.0) | 2 (5.7) | 18 (51.4) | ||
| 2000-2999 | 13 (6.8) | 9 (69.2) | 3 (23.1) | 2 (15.4) | 2 (15.4) | 6 (46.2) | ||
| ≥3000 | 8 (4.2) | 2 (25.0) | 3 (37.5) | 2 (25.0) | 0 (0.0) | 3 (37.5) | ||
| Residential area | 0.684 | 0.504 | ||||||
| Seoul metropolitan city | 80 (42.1) | 55 (68.8) | 18 (22.5) | 17 (21.3) | 6 (7.5) | 39 (48.8) | ||
| Other metropolitan cities | 41 (21.6) | 30 (73.2) | 4 (9.8) | 8 (19.5) | 3 (7.3) | 26 (63.4) | ||
| Other cities and counties | 69 (36.3) | 45 (65.2) | 14 (20.3) | 10 (14.5) | 8 (11.6) | 37 (53.6) | ||
| Employment status | 0.671 | 0.299 | ||||||
| Student | 85 (44.7) | 61 (71.8) | 9 (10.6) | 21 (24.7) | 10 (11.8) | 45 (52.9) | ||
| Nonpermanent worker | 27 (14.2) | 18 (66.7) | 6 (22.2) | 3 (11.1) | 4 (14.8) | 14 (51.9) | ||
| Permanent worker | 26 (13.7) | 15 (57.7) | 7 (26.9) | 4 (15.4) | 1 (3.8) | 14 (53.8) | ||
| Self-employed | 13 (6.8) | 8 (61.5) | 3 (23.1) | 2 (15.4) | 0 (0.0) | 8 (61.5) | ||
| Unemployment | 39 (20.5) | 28 (71.8) | 11 (28.2) | 5 (12.8) | 2 (5.1) | 21 (53.8) | ||
| Data collection channel | 0.082 | 0.364 | ||||||
| Facebook page or online transgender groups | 51 (26.8) | 33 (64.7) | 9 (17.6) | 14 (27.5) | 4 (7.8) | 24 (47.1) | ||
| Healthcare institutions | 19 (10.0) | 9 (47.4) | 6 (31.6) | 4 (21.1) | 2 (10.5) | 7 (36.8) | ||
| LGBT rights organizations | 29 (15.3) | 23 (79.3) | 6 (20.7) | 4 (13.8) | 1 (3.4) | 18 (62.1) | ||
| Acquaintances or friends | 75 (39.5) | 56 (74.7) | 12 (16.0) | 9 (12.0) | 10 (13.3) | 44 (58.7) | ||
| Others | 16 (8.4) | 9 (56.3) | 3 (18.8) | 4 (25.0) | 0 (0.0) | 9 (56.3) | ||
| Experiences of discrimination due to reasons other than transgender identity d | 0.075 | <0.001 | ||||||
| No | 31 (16.3) | 17 (54.8) | 14 (45.2) | 6 (19.4) | 4 (12.9) | 7 (22.6) | ||
| Yes | 159 (83.7) | 113 (71.1) | 22 (13.8) | 29 (18.2) | 13 (8.2) | 95 (59.7) | ||
HAD, Healthcare avoidance and delay; AFAB, assigned female at birth; AMAB, assigned male at birth.
Any HAD over the past 12 months was measured at follow-up (2021).
Experienced anti-transgender discrimination based on reporting patterns at baseline (2020) and follow-up (2021).
P-value was calculated using the chi-square test, comparing the prevalence of anti-transgender discrimination and HAD across the different groups.
Other reason includes: sex, sexual orientation, age, educational level/backgrounds, birth region, economic situation, religion, physical appearance which includes height and weight, disease, disability, family type, national origins or race/ethnicity, marital status, and others. This measure is assessed at baseline (2020).