Table 3.

Summary of the hormones relevant to drug metabolizing enzymes that change during pregnancy and their canonical nuclear receptors. The direction of change in concentrations is indicated by arrows.

Hormone	Trimester 1	Trimester 2	Trimester 3	Canonical Nuclear Receptor	References
Native growth hormone (NGH)	↑	↔	↓	Growth hormone receptor (GHR)	[141,142]
Placental growth hormone (PGH)	↑	↑	↑	Growth hormone receptor (GHR)	[141,142]
Progesterone	↑	↑	↑	Progesterone receptor (PR)	[143,144]
Estradiol	↑	↑	↑	Estradiol receptor (ER)	[143,144]
Cortisol	↑	↑	↑	Glucocorticoid receptor (GR)	[144,145]
Testosterone	↑	↑	↑	Androgen receptor (AR)	[144,146]