Table 4.

Summary of in vitro induction studies with pregnancy hormones for CYPs and UGTs involved in THC, 11-OH-THC, and 11-COOH-THC clearance.

Target Enzyme	Hormone	Change	References
CYP2C9	Estradiol	Increase in activity but no change in expression	[147]
CYP2C9	Cortisol	Evidence of GR response element	[148]
CYP3A4	Growth hormones	No change in activity or expression and an increase in expression	[149,150]
CYP3A4	Progesterone	Increase in expression and activity and no change in expression/activity	[147,149]
CYP3A4	Estradiol	Increase in expression and activity and no change in expression/activity	[147,149]
CYP3A4	Cortisol	Increased expression and activity	[149,151]
UGT1A1	Progesterone	Increased expression	[152]
UGT1A1	Estradiol	Increased expression	[153]
UGT1A1	Cortisol	No change in expression	[153]
UGT1A4	Estradiol	Increased expression	[153]
UGT1A9	Estradiol	Increased expression	[154]
UGT2B7	Estradiol, estriol, estetrol, progesterone, and cortisol	No change in expression	[152,153]

CYP: cytochrome P450; UGT: uridine 5’-diphospho-glucuronosyltransferases; GR: glucocorticoid receptor.