Table 1. Characteristics of participants by total daily water intake.
| Total daily water intake (L/day) |
P value |
||
|---|---|---|---|
| ≤ 1 | >1 | ||
| Number of subjects, n | 92 | 80 | |
| BMI (kg/m2), mean (SD) | 22 (2.6) | 23 (2.7) | <0.01 |
| WC (cm), mean (SD) | 74 (8.5) | 79 (8.3) | <0.01 |
| Water intake immediately after waking up in the morning (%) | |||
| No | 52 | 12 | <0.01 |
| Yes | 48 | 88 | |
| Water intake before bed at night (%) | |||
| No | 37 | 14 | <0.01 |
| Yes | 63 | 86 | |
| Pre-meal water intake (%) | |||
| < 1 cup/day | 91 | 40 | <0.01 |
| ≥ 1 cup/day | 9 | 60 | |
| Intra-meal water intake (%) | |||
| < 1 cup/day | 66 | 54 | 0.09 |
| ≥ 1 cup/day | 34 | 46 | |
| Post-meal water intake (%) | |||
| < 1 cup/day | 60 | 37 | <0.01 |
| ≥ 1 cup/day | 40 | 62 | |
| Perceived water temperature | |||
| Room temperature | 27 | 29 | 0.95 |
| Cold | 59 | 56 | |
| Any temperature | 14 | 15 | |
| Age, mean (SD) | 22 (2.4) | 22 (2.4) | 0.77 |
| Male sex (%) | 28 | 61 | <0.01 |
| Physical activity (%) | |||
| <1 hour/week | 49 | 17 | <0.01 |
| 1–3.9 hours/week | 29 | 34 | |
| ≥4 hours/week | 22 | 49 | |
| Perceived sleep deprivation (%) | |||
| No | 45 | 41 | 0.66 |
| Yes | 55 | 59 | |
| Perceived stress level (%) | |||
| Hardly rare | 8 | 16 | 0.17 |
| Little bit | 60 | 49 | |
| A lot | 38 | 26 | |
| Very much | 4 | 9 | |
| Smoking history (%) | |||
| < 100 cigarettes in lifetime | 86 | 72 | 0.03 |
| ≥ 100 cigarettes in lifetime | 14 | 27 | |
| Alcohol intake (%) | |||
| Never | 39 | 45 | 0.74 |
| 1–2 times/week | 47 | 42 | |
| ≥3 times/week | 14 | 12 | |
| Sugar-sweetened beverage intake (%) | |||
| Never | 25 | 24 | 0.21 |
| 0–1 time/week | 33 | 45 | |
| 2–7 times/week | 42 | 31 | |
| Breakfast intake (%) | |||
| Never | 46 | 30 | 0.06 |
| 1–4 times/week | 30 | 31 | |
| 5–7 times/week | 24 | 39 | |
| Portion size of dinner (%) | |||
| Less full | 4.6 | 10.9 | 0.41 |
| Until not hungry | 13.9 | 14.1 | |
| Until slightly full | 58.3 | 57.8 | |
| Focuses on not leaving food | 4.7 | 6.3 | |
| Very full | 18.5 | 10.9 | |
| Night-time snack intake (%) | |||
| Almost Never | 36 | 36 | 0.14 |
| 1–2 times/week | 43 | 31 | |
| ≥3 times/week | 21 | 33 | |
| Genetic predisposition to obesity (%) | |||
| Low risk | 16 | 9 | 0.14 |
| High risk | 84 | 91 | |
Abbreviation: SD, standard deviation; BMI, Body Mass Index; WC, waist circumference
Data are presented as mean (standard deviation) for continuous variable and proportion for categorical variables.