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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2025 Apr 15.
Published in final edited form as: Acta Biomater. 2024 Mar 29;179:385–397. doi: 10.1016/j.actbio.2024.03.022

Figure 1:

Figure 1:

Characterization of smooth, rough, and rough hydrophilic Ti samples. (A) Surface topography was analyzed qualitatively via scanning electron microscopy. B) Measurement of water contact angle. (C) Chemical composition of the material oxide layer for each sample (n=6).