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. 2024 Mar 8;33(5):1323–1334. doi: 10.1007/s11136-024-03604-4

Table 4.

Multiple linear and logistic regression analyses on EQ-5D Index Value (N = 128)

Characteristics EQ-5D Index Value
Univariate regression Multiple regression
MD 95% CI p Model 1a Model 2b Model 3c
MD 95% CI p MD 95% CI p MD 95% CI p
Age at visit, per 1-year increase − 0.01 − 0.01, − 0.01 0.000 − 0.01 − 0.01, − 0.01 0.000 − 0.01 − 0.01, − 0.01 0.000 − 0.01 − 0.01, − 0.01 0.000
Comorbidity
 Without (ref.)
 With − 0.12 − 0.23, − 0.02 0.024 − 0.08 − 0.17, 0.01 0.089 − 0.10 − 0.20, − 0.01 0.027 − 0.11 − 0.21, − 0.02 0.017
BMI z-score, per 1-point increase − 0.01 − 0.04, 0.01 0.385 0.00 − 0.02, 0.02 0.875 0.01 − 0.02, 0.03 0.576 0.00 − 0.02, 0.03 0.914
N. of OCs, per 1-OC increase − 0.00 − 0.01, 0.00 0.202 0.00 − 0.00, 0.01 0.462
 ULs OCs − 0.00 − 0.01, 0.01 0.744 0.01 − 0.00, 0.01 0.258
 LLs OCs − 0.01 − 0.01, 0.00 0.237 0.00 − 0.01, 0.01 0.469
 Trunk OCs − 0.04 − 0.08, − 0.00 0.029 − 0.04 − 0.07, − 0.01 0.006
N. of Def per 1-Def increase − 0.02 − 0.03, − 0.01 0.004 − 0.02 − 0.03, − 0.00 0.029
 ULs Def − 0.04 − 0.06, − 0.02 0.001 − 0.02 − 0.05, 0.00 0.086
 LLs Def − 0.01 − 0.03, 0.02 0.595 0.00 − 0.02, 0.02 0.657
 Trunk Def − 0.13 − 0.20, − 0.06 0.000 − 0.09 − 0.16, − 0.02 0.010
N. of Lim per 1-Lim increase − 0.04 − 0.07, − 0.00 0.037 − 0.01 − 0.05, 0.02 0.449
 ULs Lim − 0.02 − 0.07, 0.03 0.467 − 0.02 − 0.07, 0.04 0.526
 LLs Lim − 0.07 − 0.12, − 0.01 0.014 − 0.05 − 0.10, 0.00 0.070
 Trunk Lim 0.03 − 0.37, 0.42 0.883 0.16 − 0.23, 0.56 0.409
IOR class
 Class I (ref.)
 Class II − 0.04 − 0.12, 0.05 0.385 − 0.00 − 0.08, 0.08 0.985
 Class III − 0.07 − 0.16, 0.03 0.167 − 0.02 − 0.12, 0.07 0.590
Surgery
 Without (ref.)
 At least 1 surgery − 0.13 − 0.21, − 0.04 0.003 − 0.05 − 0.14, 0.03 0.207 − 0.06 − 0.15, 0.02 0.143 − 0.08 − 0.16, 0.01 0.081
 ≥ 2 surgeries − 0.09 − 0.18, − 0.01 0.036 − 0.03 − 0.12, 0.05 0.446 − 0.05 − 0.14, 0.03 0.231 − 0.05 − 0.13, 0.03 0.265

MD mean difference; CI confidence interval; OCs osteochondromas; ULs upper limbs; LLs lower limbs; Def deformities; Lim limitations

aModel 1: adjusted by all the variables in the Model 1

bModel 2: adjusted by all the variables in the Model 2

cModel 3: adjusted by all the variables in the Model 3