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. 2024 Apr 25;15:3517. doi: 10.1038/s41467-024-47785-5

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© The Author(s) 2024

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 4 — Only four out of the five identified sources are shown as the HR-EESI-ToF is not sensitive to the water-insoluble hydrocarbon-like OA (HOA). Carbon number distribution (a, b, d & g) of biomass burning OA (BBOA), cold-season primary OA (CPOA), cold-season OA (COOA), and urban oxygenated OA (UOOA) [left panels], and their corresponding family-specific (C_xH_yO_z>0 and C_xH_yO_z≥0N_m) mass defect (Δm/z, difference from integer mass) plots (c, e, f, h & i) are shown in the middle and right panels. The relative intensity of C_xH_yO_z>0 and C_xH_yO_z≥0N_m family species binned according to H:C ratios shows clear differences in the source composition. The colored circles represent the carbon number (N_c), and their size is proportional to the relative intensity of the corresponding species in each OA factor. Every straight dashed line represents a group with species having same # H and C and/or N but different number of oxygen atoms. Formulae for dominant ions in COOA, CPOA and UOOA are annotated in the graph. The relative contribution by species to different compound classes to the total signal intensity illustrates secondary COOA as most oxidized and dominated by both CHO and CHN₁O; UOOA as more aromatic and less oxidized, and dominated by CHO. CPOA, on the other hand, is more of aliphatic origin with CHN₂ dominance.