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. 2024 Apr 25;14:9555. doi: 10.1038/s41598-024-60217-0

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© The Author(s) 2024

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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OPLS-DA models with logarithmic transformation and pareto scaling for the metabolomic profile in urine samples from SLE (green points) and LN (blue points) along with a loadings S-plot illustrating the metabolites significantly contributing to the variation between the compared groups. (A) Untargeted metabolomics through LC–QTOF–MS (+): R²: 0.380 R²Y: 0.969 Q²: 0.853 cv-ANOVA = 5.39e−12. (B) Untargeted metabolomics through LC–QTOF–MS (−): R²: 0.376 R²Y: 0.943 Q²: 0.74. cv-ANOVA = 3.85e−08. (C) Untargeted metabolomics through GC–QTOF–MS: R²: 0.470 R²Y: 0.769 Q²: 0.358 cv-ANOVA = 0.0201.