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. 2024 Apr 12;15:1357932. doi: 10.3389/fphys.2024.1357932

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Copyright © 2024 Hebert, Funahashi, Emathinger, Nickerson, Groat, Andeen, Gurley and Hutchens.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Recovered parental RIAKI causes fetal growth restriction but does not affect fertility. RIAKI did not affect fertility, as measured by (A) the number of days from pair introduction to birth and (B) litter sites. (C) More pups from RIAKI pairings died in the perinatal period than pups from sham pairings. Neither (D) fetal nor (E) placental weight was significantly different, but (F) placental sufficiency (fetal weight/placental weight) decreased in pups from RIAKI pairings. (G) Pups from RIAKI pairs were born smaller and remained smaller in the first week than pups from shams. By 2 weeks, the weights of the pups were not different between groups. (H) Fetal sex was not a factor in differences. Litters: n = 4. (D–F) Presented as the average per litter. (A–G) T-test for two-group analyses. (H) One-way ANOVA with post hoc tests. *: p < 0.05. **: p < 0.01.