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. 2024 Mar 30;72:103134. doi: 10.1016/j.redox.2024.103134

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© 2024 The Authors

This is an open access article under the CC BY license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

PMC Copyright notice

Fig. 1 — The NRF2 signalling pathway. Under basal conditions, a KEAP1/CUL3/RBX1 complex binds to NRF2 and promotes its ubiquitination and subsequent proteasomal degradation. In addition, NRF2 can be regulated via glycogen synthase kinase 3β (GSK-3β) mediated phosphorylation, which promotes ubiquitination of the transcription factor by a β-TrCP/CUL1/RBX1 complex. Upon activation of NRF2 by electrophiles, reactive oxygen species (ROS) and other stimuli, NRF2 evades these repression mechanisms, accumulates in the nucleus, and modulates the expression of several hundred cytoprotective genes.