Figure 3.

Schematic diagram of the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory mechanisms of esculetin and esculin. TLR4, toll-like receptor 4; Keap1, Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1; Nrf2, nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2; HO-1, heme oxygenase-1; CAT, chloramphenicol acetyltransferase; GSH, glutathione; NQO1, NADPH quinone oxidoreductase; SOD, superoxide dismutase; GPx, glutathione peroxidase; GSTP1, glutathione S-transferase Pi; GST, glutathione-S-transferase; RNS, reactive nitrogen species; MDA, malondialdehyde; ROS, reactive oxygen species; ERK, extracellular regulated protein kinase; JNK, c-Jun N-terminal kinase; MCP-1, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1; iNOS, inducible isoform of nitric oxide synthase; ICAM, intracellular adhesion molecule; MPO, myeloperoxidase.