Table II.
Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects of esculin.
| A, Antioxidant | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Detail | Cell lines/model | Dosage | (Refs.) |
| Increase SOD and GSH expression levels and inhibit the expression of cytochrome c, apoptosis-inducing factor, p53, Bax and caspase 3 | Dopamine-induced human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells | 1-100 µM | (58) |
| Activate the Nrf2 signaling pathway to increase HO-1 expression levels and decrease the MDA content | LPS/D-galactosamine-induced acute liver injury mice | 10-40 mg/kg | (61) |
| Increase SOD levels and decrease MDA levels | Ethanol-induced gastric mucosal injury rats | 12.5-50 mg/kg | (104) |
| Promote the expression of GPx | Adjuvant-induced arthritis rats | 10-40 mg/kg | (64) |
| Promote the expression of GPx | TNBS-induced colitis rats | 5-25 mg/kg | (53) |
| Promote the expression of SOD, GR and catalase | Prooxidant aflatoxin B-1-induced nephrotoxicity mice | 150 mg/kg | (56) |
| Increase the expression levels of GPx, SOD and catalase | STZ-induced type 2 diabetic mice | 10-50 mg/kg | (57) |
| B, Anti-inflammatory | |||
| Detail | Cell lines/model | Dosage | (Refs.) |
| Reduce the levels of TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6 | Free fatty acid-induced HepG2 cells | 25-200 µM | (99) |
| Reduce the expression levels of IL-1β, TNF-α and iNOS by inhibiting the NF-κB signaling pathway | LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 cells | 300-500 µM | (100) |
| Inhibit p38/MAPK signaling pathway and downregulate MMP-9 levels and AP-1 binding activity | LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 cells | 10-50 µM | (101) |
| Inhibit p38/MAPK, JNK and ERK1/2 signaling pathways and reduce the TNF-α and IL-6 expression levels | Mouse peritoneal macrophages | 1 µg-1 mg | (102) |
| Inhibit the expression levels of IL-12, IL-6 and TNF-α | Reserpine-induced depression mice | 50 mg/kg | (105) |
| Inhibit the activation of the NF-κB signaling pathway and the expression of IL-6 and TNF-α | LPS-induced depressed mice | 20-40 mg/kg | (106) |
| Inhibit the MAPK signaling pathway and reduce the levels of TNF-α, IL-6, ICAM-1 and MCP-1 | STZ-induced diabetic rats | 30-90 mg/kg | (63) |
| Decrease the levels of NO and TNF-α | Hyperoxia-induced lung injury rats | 10-50 mg/kg | (61) |
| Inhibit the TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB signaling pathway and downregulate the expression levels of TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6 | LPS-induced acute lung injury mice | 20-40 mg/kg | (103) |
| Inhibit the NF-κB signaling pathway and downregulate the levels of IL-1β and TNF-α | DSS-induced colitis mice | 5-50 mg/kg | (100) |
| Inhibit the NF-κB signaling pathway and downregulate the production of NO, TNF-α and IL-6 | Ethanol-induced gastric injury mice | 5-20 mg/kg | (104) |
| Inhibit the TLR4/MyD88 signaling pathway and downregulate the expression of IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, MCP-1 and ICAM-1 | LPS-induced acute kidney injury mice | 25-100 mg/kg | (107) |
| Decrease the expression levels of IL-1β, IL-6, ICAM-1 and NO | STZ-induced diabetic rats | 30-90 mg/kg | (108) |
| Inhibit the NF-κB signaling pathway and reduce the levels of TNF-α and IL-1β | LPS/D-galactosamine-induced acute liver injury mice | 10-40 mg/kg | (62) |
| Inhibit the NF-κB signaling pathway, downregulate the expression of TNF-α and IL-6, and increase the expression of the silent information regulator 1 | Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis mice | 20-40 mg/kg | (99) |
| Decrease the levels of IL-1β, TNF-α and IL-6 | Adjuvant-induced arthritis rats | 10-40 mg/kg | (64) |
| Inhibit p38/MAPK, JNK and ERK1/2 signaling pathways and decrease the TNF-α and IL-6 levels | Xylene-induced rat paw swelling | 5-20 mg/kg | (102) |
| Inhibit the NF-κB signaling pathway and reduce the levels of TNF-α and IL-6 | LPS-induced sepsis mice | 30 mg/kg | (109) |
SOD, superoxide dismutase; GSH, glutathione; HO-1, heme oxygenase-1; MDA, malondialdehyde; GPx, glutathione peroxidase; TNBS, 2,4,6-trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid; TLR4, toll-like receptor 4; Myd88, Myeloid differentiation primary response gene 88; ICAM-1, intracellular adhesion molecule-1; MCP-1, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1; LPS, Lipopolysaccharide.