Table 3.

BE Characteristics and Their Relationship With Change in BMI at 2 and 3 Years From Baseline (Mean Difference) in the 3 Age Cohorts, After Adjusting for Baseline Demographics, BMI, and Year-Specific Residential Property Values

		Female				Male
		Year 2		Year 3		Year 2		Year 3
BE characteristic1	Level	Estimate	p-value2	Estimate	p-value	Estimate	p-value	Estimate	p-value
Age cohort of 5 years, overall		0.5 (0.5, 0.6)		1.0 (1.0, 1.1)		0.5 (0.4, 0.5)		1.0 (0.9, 1.1)
Residential density (tertiles)
1	(0.0637, 5.3788)	0.6 (0.5, 0.7)		1.1 (1.0, 1.2)		0.6 (0.5, 0.7)		1.2 (1.1, 1.3)
2	(5.3788, 8.9721)	0.6 (0.5, 0.7)		1.1 (1.0, 1.2)		0.5 (0.4, 0.6)		1.1 (0.9, 1.2)
3	(8.9721, 86.0201)	0.5 (0.4, 0.6)	0.074	0.9 (0.8, 1.0)	0.004	0.3 (0.2, 0.4)	<0.0001	0.8 (0.7, 0.9)	<0.0001
Residential density (dichotomized at transit threshold)
1	(0.0637, 18.0000)	0.6 (0.5, 0.6)		1.1 (1.0, 1.1)		0.5 (0.4, 0.6)		1.0 (1.0, 1.1)
2	(18.0000, 86.0201)	0.4 (0.2, 0.6)	0.21	0.9 (0.7, 1.1)	0.078	0.3 (0.1, 0.5)	0.063	0.7 (0.5, 0.9)	0.0003
Supermarket (binary)
0	None	0.6 (0.5, 0.7)		1.1 (1.0, 1.2)		0.4 (0.3, 0.5)		1.0 (0.9, 1.1)
1	Any	0.5 (0.4, 0.5)	0.009	1.0 (0.9, 1.1)	0.12	0.5 (0.4, 0.6)	0.11	1.0 (1.0, 1.1)	0.2
Fast food (binary)
0	None	0.6 (0.5, 0.7)		1.1 (1.0, 1.2)		0.4 (0.3, 0.5)		0.9 (0.8, 1.0)
1	Any	0.5 (0.5, 0.6)	0.62	1.0 (0.9, 1.1)	0.49	0.6 (0.5, 0.6)	0.005	1.1 (1.0, 1.2)	0.0003
Park count (tertiles)
1	(0, 7)	0.6 (0.4, 0.7)		1.0 (0.9, 1.1)		0.4 (0.3, 0.6)		0.9 (0.8, 1.1)
2	(7, 11)	0.5 (0.4, 0.6)		1.0 (0.9, 1.1)		0.5 (0.4, 0.6)		1.1 (1.0, 1.2)
3	(11, 45)	0.6 (0.5, 0.7)	0.88	1.1 (1.0, 1.2)	0.55	0.5 (0.4, 0.6)	0.91	1.0 (0.9, 1.1)	0.35
Park area (hectares) with <5% slope (tertiles)
1	(0.0, 10.5)	0.5 (0.4, 0.6)		1.0 (0.9, 1.1)		0.5 (0.4, 0.6)		0.9 (0.8, 1.0)
2	(10.5, 23.1)	0.6 (0.5, 0.7)		1.1 (1.0, 1.2)		0.4 (0.3, 0.5)		1.1 (1.0, 1.1)
3	(23.1, 342.0)	0.6 (0.5, 0.7)	0.37	1.1 (1.0, 1.2)	0.34	0.5 (0.4, 0.6)	0.24	1.1 (1.0, 1.2)	0.045
Age cohort of 9 years, overall		1.6 (1.5, 1.7)		2.5 (2.4, 2.6)		1.4 (1.3, 1.5)		2.1 (2.0, 2.1)
Residential density (tertiles)
1	(0.0637, 5.3788)	1.6 (1.5, 1.8)		2.7 (2.5, 2.8)		1.4 (1.3, 1.6)		2.1 (2.0, 2.2)
2	(5.3788, 8.9721)	1.7 (1.5, 1.8)		2.6 (2.4, 2.7)		1.4 (1.3, 1.5)		2.1 (2.0, 2.3)
3	(8.9721, 86.0201)	1.5 (1.4, 1.6)	0.16	2.4 (2.2, 2.5)	0.002	1.4 (1.2, 1.5)	0.34	2.0 (1.8, 2.1)	0.16
Residential density (dichotomized at transit threshold)
1	(0.0637, 18.0000)	1.6 (1.5, 1.7)		2.5 (2.5, 2.6)		1.4 (1.3, 1.5)		2.1 (2.0, 2.1)
2	(18.0000, 86.0201)	1.6 (1.3, 1.8)	0.7	2.3 (2.1, 2.6)	0.2	1.2 (1.0, 1.5)	0.12	2.0 (1.7, 2.2)	0.4
Supermarket (binary)
0	None	1.5 (1.4, 1.6)		2.5 (2.4, 2.6)		1.4 (1.3, 1.5)		2.1 (2.0, 2.2)
1	Any	1.7 (1.6, 1.8)	0.052	2.6 (2.4, 2.7)	0.48	1.4 (1.3, 1.5)	0.58	2.0 (1.9, 2.2)	0.56
Fast food (binary)
1	None	1.5 (1.4, 1.6)		2.4 (2.3, 2.5)		1.4 (1.3, 1.5)		2.0 (1.9, 2.2)
2	Any	1.7 (1.6, 1.8)	0.075	2.6 (2.5, 2.7)	0.024	1.4 (1.3, 1.5)	0.39	2.1 (2.0, 2.2)	0.75
Park count (tertiles)
1	(0, 7)	1.5 (1.4, 1.6)		2.4 (2.3, 2.6)		1.4 (1.3, 1.5)		2.1 (2.0, 2.3)
2	(7,11)	1.6 (1.5, 1.8)		2.5 (2.4, 2.7)		1.4 (1.3, 1.5)		2.1 (1.9, 2.2)
3	(11, 45)	1.7 (1.6, 1.8)	0.065	2.6 (2.5, 2.7)	0.12	1.4 (1.3, 1.5)	0.93	2.0 (1.9, 2.1)	0.34
Park area (hectares) with <5% slope (tertiles)
1	(0.0, 10.5)	1.5 (1.4, 1.6)		2.5 (2.4, 2.6)		1.4 (1.3, 1.5)		2.1 (1.9, 2.2)
2	(10.5, 23.1)	1.7 (1.6, 1.8)		2.6 (2.5, 2.7)		1.5 (1.4, 1.6)		2.2 (2.1, 2.4)
3	(23.1, 342.0)	1.6 (1.5, 1.7)	0.45	2.5 (2.3, 2.6)	0.75	1.3 (1.2, 1.4)	0.38	1.9 (1.8, 2.0)	0.077
Age cohort of 13 years, overall		1.5 (1.4, 1.5)		2.0 (1.9, 2.0)		1.6 (1.5, 1.6)		2.2 (2.1, 2.3)
Residential density (tertiles)
1	(0.0637, 5.3788)	1.6 (1.5, 1.7)		2.2 (2.1, 2.3)		1.6 (1.5, 1.7)		2.4 (2.2, 2.5)
2	(5.3788, 8.9721)	1.4 (1.2, 1.5)		1.9 (1.7, 2.0)		1.5 (1.4, 1.6)		2.2 (2.1, 2.3)
3	(8.9721, 86.0201)	1.4 (1.3, 1.6)	0.047	1.8 (1.7, 2.0)	<0.0001	1.6 (1.5, 1.7)	0.89	2.1 (1.9, 2.2)	0.002
Residential density (dichotomized at transit threshold)
1	(0.0637, 18.0000)	1.5 (1.4, 1.5)		2.0 (1.9, 2.0)		1.6 (1.5, 1.7)		2.2 (2.2, 2.3)
2	(18.0000, 86.0201)	1.5 (1.2, 1.8)	0.74	1.9 (1.6, 2.2)	0.7	1.5 (1.2, 1.7)	0.39	1.8 (1.5, 2.1)	0.003
Supermarket (binary)
1	None	1.4 (1.3, 1.5)		2.0 (1.9, 2.1)		1.5 (1.4, 1.6)		2.2 (2.1, 2.3)
2	Any	1.5 (1.4, 1.6)	0.25	2.0 (1.9, 2.1)	0.72	1.6 (1.5, 1.7)	0.3	2.3 (2.1, 2.4)	0.44
Fast-food (binary)
1	None	1.5 (1.4, 1.6)		2.0 (1.9, 2.1)		1.6 (1.4, 1.7)		2.2 (2.1, 2.3)
2	Any	1.4 (1.3, 1.5)	0.69	2.0 (1.9, 2.1)	0.93	1.6 (1.5, 1.7)	0.55	2.2 (2.1, 2.3)	0.92
Park count (tertiles)
1	(0, 7)	1.4 (1.3, 1.6)		1.9 (1.7, 2.0)		1.6 (1.4, 1.7)		2.2 (2.1, 2.3)
2	(7, 11)	1.5 (1.3, 1.6)		2.0 (1.8, 2.1)		1.6 (1.4, 1.7)		2.2 (2.0, 2.3)
3	(11, 45)	1.5 (1.4, 1.6)	0.57	2.0 (1.9, 2.2)	0.071	1.6 (1.5, 1.7)	0.89	2.3 (2.1, 2.4)	0.52
Park area (hectares) with <5% slope (tertiles)
1	(0.0, 10.5)	1.4 (1.3, 1.6)		2.1 (1.9, 2.2)		1.6 (1.5, 1.7)		2.2 (2.1, 2.4)
2	(10.5, 23.1)	1.5 (1.4, 1.6)		1.9 (1.8, 2.1)		1.5 (1.4, 1.7)		2.2 (2.0, 2.3)
3	(23.1, 342.0)	1.5 (1.4, 1.6)	0.64	1.9 (1.8, 2.0)	0.057	1.6 (1.5, 1.7)	0.73	2.3 (2.1, 2.4)	0.94

¹All BE characteristics are measured at a 1,600-meter buffer.

²p-values compare the third with the first tertile (or any vs none) at Years 2 and 3 of follow-up, separately by sex.

BE, built environment.