Table. Baseline Characteristics of Patients.
| Characteristic | Patients, No. (%)a | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total (N = 36 497) | ADI Q1 (n = 13 335) | ADI Q2 (n = 12 330) | ADI Q3 (n = 6025) | ADI Q4 (n = 4511) | |
| Age, y | |||||
| ≤20 | 98 (0.3) | 35 (0.3) | 36 (0.3) | 12 (0.2) | 14 (0.3) |
| >20 to 45 | 4357 (11.9) | 1198 (9.0) | 1550 (12.6) | 877 (14.6) | 695 (15.4) |
| >45 to 65 | 17 429 (47.8) | 5831 (43.7) | 5861 (47.5) | 3054 (50.7) | 2529 (56.1) |
| >65 | 14 613 (40.0) | 6271 (47.0) | 4883 (39.6) | 2082 (34.6) | 1273 (28.2) |
| Sex | |||||
| Female | 19 155 (52.5) | 6217 (46.6) | 6462 (52.4) | 3497 (58.0) | 2806 (62.2) |
| Male | 17 342 (47.5) | 7118 (53.4) | 5868 (47.6) | 2528 (42.0) | 1705 (37.8) |
| Race and ethnicityb | |||||
| Hispanic | 1759 (4.8) | 508 (3.8) | 643 (5.2) | 353 (5.9) | 241 (5.3) |
| Non-Hispanic Black | 13 570 (37.2) | 2447 (18.4) | 4116 (33.4) | 3323 (55.2) | 3499 (77.6) |
| Non-Hispanic White | 17 153 (47.0) | 8284 (62.1) | 6317 (51.2) | 1970 (32.7) | 510 (11.3) |
| Other | 4015 (11.0) | 2096 (15.7) | 1254 (10.2) | 379 (6.3) | 261 (5.8) |
| Insurance | |||||
| Private | 13 753 (38.5) | 5910 (44.9) | 4853 (40.4) | 1870 (31.9) | 1035 (23.7) |
| Medicare | 14 458 (40.5) | 5365 (40.8) | 4774 (39.7) | 2444 (41.7) | 1756 (40.3) |
| Medicaid | 3858 (10.8) | 542 (4.1) | 1046 (8.7) | 1015 (17.3) | 1194 (27.4) |
| Other | 2787 (7.8) | 1238 (9.4) | 1080 (9.0) | 280 (4.8) | 179 (4.1) |
| None | 837 (2.3) | 95 (0.7) | 273 (2.3) | 254 (4.3) | 197 (4.5) |
| Clinic | |||||
| Retina clinic | 3594 (9.9) | 1231 (9.2) | 1141 (9.3) | 650 (10.8) | 533 (11.8) |
| Resident clinic | 5304 (14.5) | 469 (3.5) | 1318 (10.7) | 1446 (24.0) | 1965 (43.6) |
| Other | 27 599 (75.6) | 11 635 (87.3) | 9871 (80.1) | 3929 (65.2) | 2013 (44.6) |
| DR severity | |||||
| No DR | 28 981 (79.4) | 10 840 (81.3) | 9834 (79.8) | 4653 (77.2) | 3432 (76.1) |
| NPDR | 5478 (15.0) | 1836 (13.8) | 1803 (14.6) | 1013 (16.8) | 779 (17.3) |
| PDR | 2038 (5.6) | 659 (4.9) | 693 (5.6) | 359 (6.0) | 300 (6.7) |
| Other retinal disorders | |||||
| Absent | 34 988 (95.9) | 12 645 (94.8) | 11 819 (95.9) | 5831 (96.8) | 4405 (97.7) |
| Present | 1509 (4.1) | 690 (5.2) | 511 (4.1) | 194 (3.2) | 106 (2.4) |
| Glaucoma | |||||
| Absent | 30 887 (84.6) | 11 476 (86.1) | 10 472 (84.9) | 5011 (83.2) | 3672 (81.4) |
| Present | 5610 (15.4) | 1859 (13.9) | 1858 (15.1) | 1014 (16.8) | 839 (18.6) |
| Distance from nearest ophthalmology clinic, mean (SD), miles | 12 (74.4) | 12 (85.8) | 13 (67.5) | 12 (65.9) | 10 (66.6) |
| ADI score, mean (SD) | 40 (25.5) | 15 (6.3) | 37 (7.1) | 62 (7.4) | 88 (7.0) |
Abbreviations: ADI, area deprivation index; DR, diabetic retinopathy; NPDR, nonproliferative diabetic retinopathy; PDR, proliferative diabetic retinopathy; Q, quartile.
Study population consisted of patients with diabetes seen for DR screening or treatment stratified by ADI quartile. Q1 has the least and Q4 has the most neighborhood socioeconomic disadvantage.
Race and ethnicity were recorded separately in the electronic health record and combined for this study. Patients were categorized as Hispanic if either self-reported race or ethnicity was Hispanic. Patients were categorized as non-Hispanic White if race was White or Caucasian and ethnicity was not Hispanic or Latino. Patients were categorized as non-Hispanic Black if race was Black or African American and ethnicity was not Hispanic or Latino. Other race and ethnicity included Asian, American Indian or Alaska Native, Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander, other, unknown, choose not to disclose, unable to obtain, and 2 or more races.