Table 1.
Characteristics of participants in the study.
| Variable | Participants without hypertension (n=5014) |
Participants with hypertension (n=2996) | P-value |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | 41.14(0.33) | 55.87(0.42) | < 0.0001 |
| Sex, N (%) | 0.01 | ||
| Female | 2482(50.76) | 1379(45.78) | |
| Male | 2532(49.24) | 1617(54.22) | |
| Race, N (%) | < 0.0001 | ||
| Non-Hispanic White | 2442(70.95) | 1520(73.55) | |
| Non-Hispanic Black | 787(8.72) | 698(11.58) | |
| Mexican American | 856(8.43) | 323(4.87) | |
| Others | 929(11.91) | 455(10.00) | |
| Education, N (%) | < 0.0001 | ||
| Less than 9th grade | 346(3.00) | 262(4.17) | |
| 9-11th grade (includes 12th grade with no diploma) | 638(8.87) | 393(9.10) | |
| High School graduate/GED or equivalent | 1096(22.92) | 748(26.87) | |
| Some college or AA degree | 1559(30.01) | 926(33.77) | |
| College graduate or above | 1375(35.20) | 667(26.10) | |
| Smoking status, N (%) | < 0.0001 | ||
| Now | 1144(20.50) | 512(16.05) | |
| Former | 1004(20.92) | 979(32.53) | |
| Never | 2866(58.58) | 1505(51.41) | |
| Alcohol drinking, N (%) | < 0.0001 | ||
| Former | 512(8.02) | 479(12.34) | |
| Heavy | 1276(25.03) | 491(17.98) | |
| Moderate | 933(19.67) | 435(16.80) | |
| Mild | 1762(38.87) | 1222(43.43) | |
| Never | 531(8.41) | 369(9.45) | |
| PIR, N (%) | 0.64 | ||
| <1.5 | 1664(21.92) | 971(21.71) | |
| >3.5 | 1743(48.65) | 1029(47.65) | |
| 1.5-3.5 | 1607(29.43) | 996(30.63) | |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 27.73(0.18) | 30.88(0.20) | < 0.0001 |
| Daily energy intake (kcal) | 2174.97(17.93) | 2085.19(18.28) | < 0.001 |
| Total MET of PA (/week) | 5464.29(182.84) | 4116.55(150.86) | < 0.0001 |
| Congestive heart failure, N (%) | < 0.0001 | ||
| No | 4985(99.52) | 2860(96.55) | |
| Yes | 29(0.48) | 136(3.45) | |
| Hyperlipidemia, N (%) | < 0.0001 | ||
| No | 1849(37.84) | 565(18.75) | |
| Yes | 3165(62.16) | 2431(81.25) | |
| Stroke, N (%) | < 0.0001 | ||
| No | 4968(99.10) | 2806(94.95) | |
| Yes | 46(0.90) | 190(5.05) | |
| Heart attack, N (%) | < 0.0001 | ||
| No | 4942(98.86) | 2798(94.27) | |
| Yes | 72(1.14) | 198(5.73) | |
| Coronary heart disease, N (%) | < 0.0001 | ||
| No | 4950(98.98) | 2780(93.20) | |
| Yes | 64(1.02) | 216(6.80) | |
| Diabetes, N (%) | < 0.0001 | ||
| No | 4263(88.64) | 1869(66.70) | |
| DM | 400(5.58) | 815(22.43) | |
| IFG | 222(3.66) | 194(6.88) | |
| IGT | 129(2.13) | 118(3.99) | |
| Dietary intake of flavonoids (mg/day) | |||
| Daidzein | 0.91(0.07) | 0.65(0.10) | 0.05 |
| Genistein | 1.35(0.12) | 0.91(0.14) | 0.03 |
| Glycitein | 0.20(0.02) | 0.14(0.02) | 0.05 |
| Cyanidin | 2.66(0.22) | 3.05(0.44) | 0.4 |
| Petunidin | 1.30(0.13) | 1.32(0.16) | 0.85 |
| Delphinidin | 1.80(0.17) | 1.87(0.22) | 0.73 |
| Malvidin | 5.24(0.41) | 5.59(0.48) | 0.43 |
| Pelargonidin | 1.76(0.16) | 1.59(0.17) | 0.35 |
| Peonidin | 2.62(0.34) | 2.31(0.32) | 0.54 |
| Catechin | 8.11(0.23) | 8.73(0.35) | 0.07 |
| Epigallocatechin | 16.40(0.87) | 20.78(2.25) | 0.06 |
| Epicatechin | 10.51(0.32) | 11.33(0.63) | 0.25 |
| Epicatechin-3-gallate | 10.53(0.55) | 13.29(1.38) | 0.06 |
| Epigallocatechin-3-gallate | 28.55(1.73) | 37.12(5.12) | 0.11 |
| Theaflavin | 1.50(0.08) | 1.77(0.10) | 0.02 |
| Thearubigins | 86.34(4.38) | 101.33(5.60) | 0.01 |
| Eriodictyol | 0.19(0.01) | 0.17(0.02) | 0.32 |
| Hesperetin | 9.04(0.33) | 8.71(0.47) | 0.55 |
| Naringenin | 3.39(0.19) | 3.41(0.26) | 0.94 |
| Apigenin | 0.28(0.06) | 0.24(0.02) | 0.39 |
| Luteolin | 0.78(0.03) | 0.75(0.03) | 0.42 |
| Isorhamnetin | 0.90(0.03) | 0.93(0.04) | 0.55 |
| Kaempferol | 4.87(0.13) | 5.20(0.16) | 0.06 |
| Myricetin | 1.54(0.05) | 1.79(0.10) | 0.03 |
| Quercetin | 11.66(0.27) | 12.42(0.30) | 0.03 |
| Theaflavin-3,3’-digallate | 1.65(0.09) | 1.95(0.11) | 0.02 |
| Theaflavin-3’-gallate | 1.40(0.08) | 1.65(0.10) | 0.02 |
| Theaflavin 3-gallate | 1.19(0.06) | 1.40(0.08) | 0.02 |
| Gallocatechin | 1.66(0.07) | 2.02(0.14) | 0.02 |
| Subtotal Catechins | 75.75(3.63) | 93.26(9.73) | 0.09 |
| Total Isoflavones | 2.46(0.22) | 1.70(0.26) | 0.03 |
| Total Anthocyanidins | 15.39(0.97) | 15.73(1.15) | 0.76 |
| Total Flavan 3-ols | 167.83(7.47) | 201.36(12.87) | 0.01 |
| Total Flavanones | 12.62(0.48) | 12.29(0.69) | 0.67 |
| Total Flavones | 1.06(0.07) | 0.98(0.04) | 0.29 |
| Total Flavonols | 18.97(0.43) | 20.34(0.51) | 0.02 |
| Total Sum of all 29 flavonoids | 218.34(8.07) | 252.40(13.05) | 0.02 |