Table 1.
Baseline characteristics and clinical data after hospitalization of study population
| Variables | Total (n = 190) | 28-day survival (n = 167) |
28-day mortality (n = 23) |
P-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Demographic data | ||||
| Sex, male, n (%) | 111 (58%) | 99 (59%) | 12 (52%) | 0.517 |
| Age (years) | 69 (59–78) | 69 (57–77) | 82 (69–88) | 0.001* |
| Co-morbidities | ||||
| Hypertension, n (%) | 80 (42%) | 67 (40%) | 13 (57%) | 0.135 |
| Diabetes mellitus, n (%) | 42 (22%) | 33 (20%) | 9 (39%) | 0.036* |
| Coronary heart disease, n (%) | 35 (18%) | 31(19%) | 4(17%) | 0.892 |
| Cerebrovascular disease, n (%) | 29 (15%) | 21(13%) | 8 (35%) | 0.005* |
| COPD, n (%) | 22 (12%) | 20 (12%) | 2 (9%) | 0.638 |
| Liver disease, n (%) | 29 (15%) | 25 (15%) | 4 (17%) | 0.762 |
| Kidney disease, n (%) | 26 (14%) | 20 (12%) | 6 (26%) | 0.065 |
| Malignant tumor, n (%) | 26 (14%) | 22 (13%) | 4 (17%) | 0.581 |
| Vital signs | ||||
| Body temperature, ℃ | 36.6 (36.2–37.0) | 36.6 (36.2–37.0) | 37.5 (37.0–38.0) | < 0.001* |
| RR, breaths/min | 20 (20–23) | 20 (20–22) | 25 (22–30) | < 0.001* |
| HR, beats/min | 87 (78–99) | 86 (78–98) | 98 (83–104) | 0.035* |
| SBP, mmHg | 130 (119–144) | 130 (120–144) | 127 (114–137) | 0.219 |
| Arterial blood gas | ||||
| PH | 7.418 (7.395–7.441) | 7.419 (7.397–7.440) | 7.410(7.370–7.463) | 0.924 |
| PaCO2, mmHg | 37.9 (34.0-40.5) | 37.9 (34.5–40.7) | 37.4 (27.1–39.9) | 0.200 |
| PaO2, mmHg | 96.0 (76.7–110.0) | 96.3 (80.5–110.0) | 75.2 (58.5-108.3) | 0.029* |
| SpO2, % | 98.2 (96.3–99.0) | 98.3 (96.9–99.0) | 95.6 (92.9–99.3) | 0.027* |
| PaO2/FiO2, mmHg | 282 (207–330) | 290 (232–333) | 115 (70–215) | < 0.001* |
| COVID-19 severity class, n (%) | < 0.001* | |||
| Mild illness | 83 (44%) | 81 (49%) | 2 (9%) | |
| Moderate illness | 61 (32%) | 61 (37%) | 0 (0) | |
| Severe/critical illness | 46 (24%) | 25 (15%) | 21 (91%) | |
| Clinical scoring system | ||||
| sSOFA | 1 (1–2) | 1 (1–2) | 1 (1–2) | 0.031* |
| eSOFA | 0 (0–1) | 0 (0–1) | 1 (1–3) | < 0.001* |
| qSOFA | 0 (0–1) | 0 (0–1) | 2 (2–2) | < 0.001* |
| SOFA | 3 (2–4) | 2 (2–3) | 5 (4–6) | < 0.001* |
| NEWS2 | 4 (2–7) | 3 (2–5) | 9 (8–11) | < 0.001* |
| PSI risk class | 3 (2–4) | 3 (2–4) | 5 (4–5) | < 0.001* |
| PSI | 91(38) | 84 (30) | 147(43) | < 0.001* |
| COVID-GRAM | 128 (99–150) | 122 (95–143) | 171 (157–193) | < 0.001* |
| CURB-65 | 1 (0–2) | 1 (0–1) | 3 (3–4) | < 0.001* |
| Laboratory parameters | ||||
| Presepsin, pg/mL | 275 (169–536) | 245 (165–437) | 817 (689–1117) | < 0.001* |
| PCT, ng/mL | 0.07 (0.05–0.17) | 0.07 (0.05–0.13) | 0.34 (0.12–0.88) | < 0.001* |
| CRP, mg/L | 18.85 (4.90–51.90) | 15.5 (4.5–45.8) | 68.3 (36.2-103.2) | < 0.001* |
| HGB, g/L | 125 (109–138) | 126 (110–138) | 123 (104–130) | 0.246 |
| WBC count, ×109/L | 4.85 (3.77–6.58) | 4.78 (3.77–6.46) | 5.66 (4.60–7.20) | 0.153 |
| Neutrophils count, ×109/L | 3.37 (2.27–5.09) | 3.32 (2.25–4.81) | 4.73 (2.80–6.83) | 0.075 |
| Lymphocytes count, ×109/L | 0.93 (0.66–1.30) | 0.97 (0.72–1.34) | 0.66 (0.39–0.94) | 0.004* |
| INR | 1.05 (1.01–1.14) | 1.05 (1.01–1.13) | 1.08 (1.01–1.22) | 0.315 |
| D-dimer, mg/L | 203 (9-471) | 193 (10–377) | 464 (1.3–985) | 0.074 |
| Glucose, mmol/L | 6.7 (6.0-7.8) | 6.7 (6.0-7.6) | 7.4 (6.4–10.5) | 0.030* |
| ALT, U/L | 19 (13–28) | 19 (13–28) | 23 (18–27) | 0.311 |
| AST, U/L | 24 (18–33) | 22 (17–30) | 37 (22–55) | < 0.001* |
| TBIL, µ mol/L | 10 (8–15) | 10 (8–15) | 11 (10–17) | 0.111 |
| DBIL, µ mol/L | 3.9 (2.6–6.5) | 3.7 (2.5–6.2) | 6.2 (4.2–7.7) | 0.006* |
| CAR | 0.538 (0.136–1.636) | 0.398 (0.125–1.266) | 2.020 (1.175–3.360) | < 0.001* |
| BCDIMs | ||||
| NLR | 3.54 (2.09–6.74) | 3.41 (2.08–5.98) | 5.92 (4.02–9.19) | 0.006* |
| MLR | 0.40 (0.26–0.70) | 0.40 (0.27–0.65) | 0.52 (0.33–0.86) | 0.064 |
| PLR | 159 (116–231) | 152 (115–224) | 182 (156–323) | 0.083 |
| LCR | 0.046 (0.015–0.197) | 0.066 (0.020–0.213) | 0.011 (0.005–0.018) | < 0.001* |
| SIRI | 1.306 (0.668–3.240) | 1.245 (0.663–2.929) | 2.661 (1.221–5.156) | 0.048* |
| SII | 490 (296–1022) | 476 (288–905) | 1022 (480–1242) | 0.025* |
Normally distributed continuous variables are displayed as mean ± standard deviation (SD) and were compared using the independent-samples Student’s t test. Non-normally distributed continuous variables are displayed as a median with interquartile range (IQR: Q1-Q3) and were compared using the Mann–Whitney U test. Categorical variables are expressed as counts with percentages and were compared using Pearson’s chi-square or Fisher’s exact test. Abbreviations COPD, Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease; RR, respiratory rate; HR, heart rate; SBP, systolic blood pressure; PaCO2, arterial carbon dioxide tension; PaO2, oxygen tension; SpO2, peripheral oxygen saturation; FiO2, fraction of inspired oxygen; sSOFA, simplified sequential organ failure assessment; eSOFA, early sequential organ failure assessment; qSOFA, quick sequential organ failure assessment; SOFA, sequential organ failure assessment; NEWS2, National Early Warning Score 2; PSI, Pneumonia Severity Index; PCT, Procalcitonin; CRP, C-reactive protein; HGB, Hemoglobin; WBC, White blood cell; INR, International normalized ratio; ALT, Alanine aminotransferase; AST, Aspartate aminotransferase; TBIL, Total bilirubin; DBIL, Direct bilirubin; BCDIMs, blood count-derived inflammatory markers; NLR, Neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio; MLR, Monocyte-to-lymphocyte ratio; PLR, Platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio; LCR, Lymphocyte-to-C-reactive protein ratio; CAR, C-reactive protein-to-albumin ratio; SIRI, Systemic inflammation response index; SII: Systemic inflammation index. SIRI = (Neutrophil count × Monocyte count) / Lymphocyte count; SII = (Neutrophil count × Platelet count) / Lymphocyte count
*p-value < 0.05 was considered significant