Fig. 3.

Impervious cover had a stronger effect than gentrification on alpha and beta diversity. Alpha diversity, however, was likely greatest in gentrified areas with lower impervious cover because of the negative interaction term. Vertical black lines represent among-city estimates, the gray-filled rectangles are 90% credible intervals, and blue dots are city-specific estimates for each model parameter. Alpha diversity model parameters are on the log scale, while beta diversity model parameters are on the clog scale (i.e., −log(1 − x)). As a result, the beta diversity model parameters are constrained to be greater than 0.