Table 2.

The proportion of antibiotic-resistant Gram-negative bacteria obtained from surface swabs, housefly, and sewage samples at a tertiary hospital in Ethiopia.

Antibiotics	E. coli	Klebsiella spp.	Providencia spp.	Proteus spp.	Enterobacter spp.	Acinetobacter spp.	Ohers	Total
AMP	73.1	100	86.4	81.0	95.7	100	91.3	61.0
PIP	65.7	100	61.4	59.5	60.9	IE	59.6	42.2
AMC	38	43.2	100	21.4	91.3	100	64.3	44.0
TZP	19.4	31.8	9.1	0	17.4	IE	17.0	8.6
CXM	100	100	-	100	-	100	100	100
CTX	34.3	50.0	65.9	64.3	69.6	100	44.6	41.1
CAZ	31.5	47.7	59.1	26.2	56.5	-	40.4	27.9
FEP	34.3	40.9	40.9	64.3	65.2	-	42.1	30.3
FOX	13.9	13.6	15.9	0	100	-	46.4	18.5
MEM	24.1	2.3	0	0	4.3	31.6	4.3	3.1
MXF	35.2	38.6	61.4	76.2	56.5	-	52.2	34.7
CIP	30.6	40.9	47.7	66.7	30.4	100	37.5	33.9
TM	20.4	31.8	34.1	66.7	47.8	47.4	42.6	29.7
GM	16.7	31.8	36.4	66.7	65.2	52.6	32.6	30.1
AN	1.9	2.3	0	4.8	8.7	5.3	8.5	3.1
SXT	43.5	47.7	61.4	71.4	56.5	57.9	50.0	38.7
ESBL	38.9	43.2	61.4	64.3	52.2	68.4	37.5	49.2

Key: AMP, ampicillin; AMC, amoxicillin/clavulanic acid; PIP, piperacillin; TZP, piperacillin-tazobactam; CXM, cefuroxime; CTX, cefotaxime; CAZ, ceftazidime; FEP, cefepime; FOX, cefoxitin; MEM, meropenem; MXF, moxifloxacin; CIP, ciprofloxacin; GM, gentamicin; TM, tobramycin; AN, amikacin; SXT, sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim; ESBL, extended spectrum beta-lactamase; spp., species; IE, insufficient evidence; and “-”, no breakpoints. Only resistant isolates were included in the proportion analysis, while intermediate and susceptible results were excluded from the numerator. Additionally, rare bacterial isolates that do not have breakpoints in the EUCAST guidelines were excluded from the denominator in AST analysis. The resistance patterns of specific bacterial species are found in the Supplementary Table S1.