Variable		Item	Options	Source
Live Sports Learning	Participation frequency	In general, how often do you participate in online fitness live streaming per week? In general, how often do you participate in sports event live streaming per week? In general, how often do you participate in physical education live streaming per week? In general, how often do you participate in e-sports live streaming per week? In general, how often do you participate in sports e-commerce live streaming per week?	①Less than once ②Once ③Twice ④Three times ⑤More than three times	Dai [47] Guo [48] Zhang [49]
	Participation duration	How much time do you spend on average on online fitness live streaming? How much time do you spend on average on sports event live streaming? How much time do you spend on average on physical education live streaming? How much time do you spend on average on e-sports live streaming? How much time do you spend on average on e-commerce live streaming?	①Within 15 min ②15–30 min ③0.5–1 h ④1–1.5 h ⑤More than 1.5 h
	Consumption amount	How much money have you spent on online fitness live streaming in the past semester? How much money have you spent on sports event live streaming in the past semester? How much money have you spent on physical education live streaming in the past semester? How much money have you spent on e-sports live streaming in the past semester? How much money have you spent on e-commerce live streaming in the past semester?	Please fill in the Arabic numerals.
Exercise Motivation	Health motivation	I want to have a strong body. I want to keep my body and mind healthy. I want to live a healthy life.	①No ②A little ③Stronger ④Strong ⑤Very strong	Ryan [33] Chen [51]
	Appearance motivation	I want to control my weight. I want to maintain or improve my body shape. I want to make my appearance more attractive.
	Social motivation	I want to participate in recreational activities. I want to maintain a happy mood. I want to enjoy a happy life.
	Ability motivation	I want to acquire new motor skills. I want to improve my current athletic skills. I want to maintain my current level of athletic skills.
	Fun motivation	I want to meet new people. I want to improve my relationships and friendships with friends. I want to maintain good social relationships
Exercise Commitment		It was difficult for me to quit physical exercise. If you do not exercise for a few days, you will have a strong desire to participate in physical exercise. It’s hard for me to accept the lack of physical activity. Physical exercise is an indispensable part of my life.	①Strongly disagree ②Disagree ③Neither agree nor disagree ④Agree ⑤Strongly agree	Chen [27]
Exercise Behavior	exercise time	Typically, how long do you participate in physical activity each time?	①Within 15 min ②15–30 min ③0.5–1 h ④1–1.5 h ⑤More than 1.5 h	Liang [52]
	exercise frequency	Normally, how many times per week do you participate in physical activity?	①Less than once ②Once ③Twice ④Three times ⑤More than three times
	exercise intensity	Normally, what are the changes in your body after completing a physical activity?	①No sensation ②Slightly warm ③Slightly sweaty ④Moderate sweating ⑤Heavy sweating