Figure 2.

The mechanism of action underlying the role of GSK3β in regulating osteoclastogenesis. The molecular changes during osteoclastogenesis are depicted by purple arrows. The expression of signalling molecules associated with the suppression of osteoclast differentiation and maturation are indicated by green arrows. Abbreviations: ARE: antioxidant response element, Atp6v0d2: vacuolar-type proton ATPase subunit d2, Ca²⁺: calcium, CaN: calcineurin, CAT: catalase, c-Fms: colony-stimulating factor-1 receptor, c-Fos: Fos proto-oncogene, CTSK: cathepsin K, DC-STAMP: dendritic cell–specific transmembrane protein, GCLC: glutamate-cysteine ligase, GPx: glutathione peroxidase, GSH: reduced glutathione, GSSG: glutathione disulfide, HO-1: heme-oxygenase, H₂O: water, H₂O₂: hydrogen peroxide, IκBα: inhibitor of nuclear factor-kappa B, IKK complax: inhibitory nuclear factor-kappa B kinase complex, KEAP1: Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1, LRP: low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein, MAF: small musculoaponeurotic fibrosarcoma protein, M-CSF: macrophage colony-stimulating factor, MMP9: matrix metalloproteinase 9, NFATc1: nuclear factor of activated T-cells cytoplasmic 1, NRF2: nuclear factor-erythroid 2-related factor 2, NF-κB: nuclear factor-kappa B, OPG: osteoprotegerin, OSCAR: osteoclast-associated receptor, O₂: oxygen, PDK1: phosphoinositide-dependent kinase 1, PI3K: phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase, PKCβ: protein kinase C beta, p-AKT: phosphorylated protein kinase B, p-GSK3β: phosphorylated glycogen synthase kinase-3 beta, p-p65: phosphorylated nuclear factor-kappa B p65, RANK: receptor activator of nuclear factor-kappa B, RANKL: receptor activator of nuclear factor-kappa B ligand, ROS: reactive oxygen species, SOD: superoxide dismutase, TAK1: transforming growth factor beta-activated kinase 1, TRAF6: tumour necrosis factor receptor-associated factor 6, TRAP: tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase, ↑: increase/upregulate, ↓: decrease/downregulate, ↔: no change.