Skip to main content
. 2024 Apr 5;12(4):807. doi: 10.3390/biomedicines12040807

Table 2.

Heterogeneity and horizontal pleiotropy of instrumental variables.

Exposure Heterogeneity Horizontal Pleiotropy
Cochran’s Q Test
from IVW
Rücker’s Q Test
from MR-Egger
MR-PRESSO
Global Test
MR-Egger MR-Egger (SIMEX)
N F I2 (%) p-Value p-Value p-Value Intercept, β (SE) p-Value Intercept, β (SE) p-Value
C-reactive protein 204 113.47 97.45 0.042 0.074 0.032 −0.006 (0.002) 0.012 −0.006 (0.002) 0.012

N, number of instruments; F, mean F statistic; IVW, inverse-variance-weighted; MR, Mendelian randomization; PRESSO, pleiotropy sum of residuals and outliers; SIMEX, simulation extrapolation; β, beta coefficient; SE, standard error.