Table 1.

HIV drugs’ adverse reactions (Adapted from [52,53,54,55,56,57,58]).

Classification	Mechanism	Nervous System	Cardiovascular	Digestive System	Liver	Renal	Skin	Metabolism	Other
NRTIs: emtricitabine, zidovudine, didanosine, stavudine, abacavir, lamivudin, tenofovir alafenamide, tenofovir disoproxil fumarate	reverse transcriptase inhibition by competing with natural nucleosides	headache, peripheral neuropathy	cardiomyopathy	nausea, diarrhea, pancreatitis	hepatic steatosis	Fanconi’s syndrome, renal insufficiency	rash	lactic acidosis, lipodystrophy, hyperlactatemia	hypersensitivity reaction, lipoatrophy, thrombocytopenia, anemia, myelosuppression
NNRTIs: nevirapine, delavirdine, efavirenz, etravirine, rilpivirine, doravirine	reverse transcriptase polymerization inhibition by binding to the NNRTI binding pocket	depression, sleep disturbance, headache		nausea, diarrhea	hepatitis		rash	dyslipidemia	neutropenia
INSTIs: bictegravir, dolutegravir, elvitegravir, raltegravir, cabotegravir	integrase inhibition	intracranial hemorrhage, sleep disturbance, headache	myocardial infarction	nausea, diarrhea	unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia	nephrolithiasis, renal insufficiency	rash	weight gain	myopathy, rhabdomyolysis
PIs: atazanavir, darunavir, fosamprenavir, indinavir, lopinavir, nelfinavir, ritonavir, saquinavir, tipranavir	protease inhibition	dizziness, headache	QT prolongation	nausea, diarrhea	hepatotoxicity	nephrolithiasis, renal insufficiency	rash	dyslipidemia, hyperglycemia, fat maldistribution
Maraviroc	binds to CCR5, prevents the interaction of HIV-1 gp120 with CCR5-tropic HIV-1, and inhibits the virus from entering the cell	dizziness, headache	postural hypotension		hepatitis	renal insufficiency
Fostemsavir	(prodrug) binds the viral envelope protein gp120 on HIV-1, prevents the conformational change required for attachment of HIV-1 to the host cell	headache, neuropathy	QT prolongation	nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, diarrhea			rash		myalgia
Enfuvirtide	binds to HR1 in the gp41 subunit of the viral envelope glycoprotein, prevents the conformational changes required for the fusion of viral and cellular membranes	dizziness, headache, sleep disturbance		nausea, diarrhea			rash		injection site nodules, hypersensitivity
Ibalizumab	blocks gp120-CD4 complex conformational alterations that allow for co-receptor attachment and fusion	dizziness, headache		nausea, diarrhea					immune system disorders
Long-acting injectable antiretroviral drugs (cabotegravir-rilpivirine)	INSTI + NNRTI	pyrexia, headache, sleep disorders, dizziness, depression		nausea	abnormalities in aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, total bilirubin		rash		fatigue, injection site reactions, musculoskeletal pain