Table 3.

Assessment tools and therapeutic application for the different components of interoception.

	Interoceptive Accuracy (IAcc)	Interoceptive Sensibility (IS)	Interoceptive Awareness (IA)
Mode of Assessment	Objective behavioral tests or performance-based measures on various abilities related to diverse body systems. The more used refer to the cardiovascular system.	Subjective self-report questionnaires	Combination of objective and subjective measures. Measure of degree to which objective accuracy is associated with subjective confidence.
Assessment tools	Heartbeat detection/perception task or heartbeat counting task (HCT) [85] Heartbeat discrimination task (HDT) [86] Waterload test [87] Evaluate the bitterness level of a liquid [88] Reproduce limb position (proprioceptive acuity) [89] Balance on one leg with closed eyes [90] Discriminate the duration of respiratory occlusions [91]	BPQ [76] MAIA [9] Confidence rating using a visual analogue scale Five-Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire (FFMQ) Scale of body connection (SBC)	ROC curves mapping confidence–accuracy correlation (i.e., Pearson’s r)
Interoceptive trainings	Buddhist and contemplative practices like ACT and mindfulness treatment (e.g., MBCT) Training of interoceptive accuracy IBIs (e.g., Interoceptive exposure)
Therapeutic applications	INTEROCEPTION Panic disorder Anxiety symptoms Depression Subclinical eating disorders Alexithymia Irritable bowel disease Substance use disorder Fibromyalgia PTSD	BODY AWARENESS Somatoparaphrenia (SP) Anosognosia for emiplegia (AHP) Anosognosia for hemianesthesia (AHA)

Note: We have integrated the trainings and rehabilitation approaches because usually in the literature, a clear distinction is not made between the different components of interoception (for a detailed description of the assessment of the dimensions identified by Khalsa and colleagues, see [13,16]. They are not reported here because these exceed the scope of the current study).