Reserpine/Biogenic Amine Depletion [29] |
Subcutaneous reserpine (1 mg/kg) daily, for 3 consecutive days |
Acidic saline [30] |
Two intramuscular injections of 4.0 pH saline into the gastrocnemius, 5 days apart |
Fatigue-enhanced muscle pain [31,32] |
Fatigue protocol (wheel running or direct muscle stimulation) followed by muscular insult (0.03% carrageenan, or 2 injections of 5.0 pH saline, 5 days apart) |
Subchronic Swim Stress [36] |
Forced swimming in cylindrical tube for 3 consecutive days (10 min on day 1, 20 min on days 2 and 3) |
Cold Stress [33] |
Overnight exposure to cold (−3 °C) for 15 h, then alterations in temperature every 30 min between room temperature (22 °C) and cold temperature (−3 °C) for 5 days |
Sound Stress [34,35] |
5 or 10 s 105 dB tone of mixed frequencies (11–19 kHz), every minute at random times, for a period of 30 min on days 1, 3, and 4. |