Table 3.
Detailed information of multivariate Cox analyses of the selected eight significant genes in patients with grade II and III glioma.
| Multivariate Cox Analyses of the Selected Four Significant Genes Related to Wnt/β-Catenin Signaling | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Overall Survival | ||||||||
| CER1 * | FRAT1 * | FSTL1 * | RPSA * | |||||
| Variable | HR (95% CI) | p | HR (95% CI) | p | HR (95% CI) | p | HR (95% CI) | p |
| Female (vs. male) | 0.81 (0.54–1.20) | 0.287 | 0.82 (0.55–1.22) | 0.335 | 0.93 (0.62–1.38) | 0.705 | 0.84 (0.56–1.26) | 0.399 |
| Age | 1.06 (1.05–1.08) | <0.001 | 1.06 (1.04–1.08) | <0.001 | 1.06 (1.04–1.08) | <0.001 | 1.06 (1.04–1.08) | <0.001 |
| WHO grade III (vs. grade II) | 2.16 (1.37–3.41) | 0.001 | 2.29 (1.44–3.62) | <0.001 | 1.94 (1.23–3.04) | 0.004 | 2.10 (1.34–3.29) | 0.001 |
| Histological type | ||||||||
| Oligodendroglioma (vs. astrocytoma) | 0.49 (0.30–0.78) | 0.003 | 0.53 (0.34–0.85) | 0.008 | 0.60 (0.37–0.97) | 0.038 | 0.55 (0.34–0.89) | 0.014 |
| Oligoastrocytoma (vs. astrocytoma) | 0.68 (0.40–1.15) | 0.151 | 0.67 (0.39–1.13) | 0.133 | 0.64 (0.38–1.07) | 0.090 | 0.66 (0.39–1.11) | 0.118 |
| Karnofsky Performance Scale Index | 0.99 (0.97–1.01) | 0.163 | 1.00 (0.98–1.01) | 0.518 | 0.99 (0.98–1.01) | 0.429 | 0.99 (0.98–1.01) | 0.415 |
| Radiation treatment | 1.10 (0.66–1.85) | 0.713 | 1.13 (0.68–1.88) | 0.645 | 1.03 (0.61–1.72) | 0.922 | 1.09 (0.65–1.82) | 0.741 |
| Tumor laterality, left (vs. right) | 0.99 (0.66–1.48) | 0.967 | 1.14 (0.77–1.70) | 0.512 | 1.21 (0.81–1.81) | 0.348 | 1.20 (0.80–1.78) | 0.381 |
| CER1, upper median (vs. lower median) | 2.56 (1.69–3.89) | <0.001 | N/A | N/A | N/A | |||
| FRAT1, upper median (vs. lower median) | N/A | 0.45 (0.30–0.68) | <0.001 | N/A | N/A | |||
| FSTL1, upper median (vs. lower median) | N/A | N/A | 1.92 (1.24–2.98) | 0.003 | N/A | |||
| RPSA, upper median (vs. lower median) | N/A | N/A | N/A | 0.56 (0.37–0.84) | 0.005 | |||
| Progression-free survival | ||||||||
| CER1 * | FRAT1 * | FSTL1 * | RPSA * | |||||
| Variable | HR (95% CI) | p | HR (95% CI) | p | HR (95% CI) | p | HR (95% CI) | p |
| Female (vs. male) | 1.01 (0.75–1.37) | 0.932 | 1.07 (0.79–1.44) | 0.657 | 1.13 (0.84–1.53) | 0.415 | 1.01 (0.74–1.36) | 0.961 |
| Age | 1.04 (1.03–1.05) | <0.001 | 1.03 (1.02–1.05) | <0.001 | 1.04 (1.02–1.05) | <0.001 | 1.04 (1.02–1.05) | <0.001 |
| WHO grade III (vs. grade II) | 1.35 (0.96–1.91) | 0.084 | 1.39 (0.99–1.96) | 0.058 | 1.30 (0.93–1.84) | 0.130 | 1.36 (0.97–1.90) | 0.075 |
| Histological type | ||||||||
| Oligodendroglioma (vs. astrocytoma) | 0.52 (0.36–0.75) | 0.001 | 0.53 (0.37–0.76) | 0.001 | 0.61 (0.42–0.88) | 0.009 | 0.53 (0.37–0.76) | 0.001 |
| Oligoastrocytoma (vs. astrocytoma) | 0.57 (0.38–0.86) | 0.007 | 0.57 (0.38–0.86) | 0.007 | 0.57 (0.38–0.85) | 0.006 | 0.54 (0.36–0.81) | 0.003 |
| Karnofsky Performance Scale Index | 0.99 (0.98–1.01) | 0.253 | 1.00 (0.99–1.01) | 0.704 | 1.00 (0.99–1.01) | 0.670 | 1.00 (0.99–1.01) | 0.619 |
| Radiation treatment | 0.76 (0.53–1.09) | 0.139 | 0.77 (0.54–1.11) | 0.163 | 0.73 (0.51–1.05) | 0.088 | 0.69 (0.48–0.99) | 0.044 |
| Tumor laterality, left (vs. right) | 1.12 (0.82–1.51) | 0.481 | 1.19 (0.88–1.62) | 0.255 | 1.20 (0.89–1.63) | 0.239 | 1.19 (0.88–1.61) | 0.262 |
| CER1, upper median (vs. lower median) | 1.80 (1.32–2.46) | <0.001 | N/A | N/A | N/A | |||
| FRAT1, upper median (vs. lower median) | N/A | 0.63 (0.47–0.86) | 0.004 | N/A | N/A | |||
| FSTL1, upper median (vs. lower median) | N/A | N/A | 1.68 (1.21–2.33) | 0.002 | N/A | |||
| RPSA, upper median (vs. lower median) | N/A | N/A | N/A | 0.51 (0.37–0.69) | <0.001 | |||
| Multivariate Cox analyses of the selected four significant genes related to CER1, FRAT1, FSTL1, and RPSA | ||||||||
| Overall survival | ||||||||
| BMP2 * | RPL18A * | RPL19 * | RPS12 * | |||||
| Variable | HR (95% CI) | p | HR (95% CI) | p | HR (95% CI) | p | HR (95% CI) | p |
| Female (vs. male) | 0.89 (0.60–1.32) | 0.560 | 0.87 (0.59–1.29) | 0.492 | 0.86 (0.58–1.28) | 0.459 | 0.85 (0.57–1.26) | 0.407 |
| Age | 1.06 (1.04–1.08) | <0.001 | 1.06 (1.04–1.08) | <0.001 | 1.06 (1.04–1.07) | <0.001 | 1.06 (1.04–1.07) | <0.001 |
| WHO grade III (vs. grade II) | 2.04 (1.30–3.20) | 0.002 | 2.19 (1.39–3.46) | 0.001 | 2.20 (1.40–3.47) | 0.001 | 2.10 (1.34–3.31) | 0.001 |
| Histological type | ||||||||
| Oligodendroglioma (vs. astrocytoma) | 0.73 (0.45–1.19) | 0.209 | 0.51 (0.32–0.82) | 0.005 | 0.52 (0.33–0.83) | 0.006 | 0.64 (0.39–1.03) | 0.064 |
| Oligoastrocytoma (vs. astrocytoma) | 0.76 (0.45–1.29) | 0.306 | 0.61 (0.36–1.03) | 0.065 | 0.60 (0.36–1.02) | 0.061 | 0.72 (0.42–1.22) | 0.223 |
| Karnofsky Performance Scale Index | 0.99 (0.98–1.01) | 0.358 | 0.99 (0.98–1.01) | 0.465 | 0.99 (0.98–1.01) | 0.429 | 1.00 (0.98–1.01) | 0.540 |
| Radiation treatment | 1.08 (0.64–1.80) | 0.782 | 1.16 (0.69–1.94) | 0.583 | 1.22 (0.73–2.06) | 0.449 | 1.08 (0.64–1.82) | 0.768 |
| Tumor laterality, left (vs. right) | 1.28 (0.86–1.91) | 0.228 | 1.17 (0.78–1.74) | 0.445 | 1.18 (0.80–1.76) | 0.407 | 1.16 (0.78–1.72) | 0.472 |
| BMP2, upper median (vs. lower median) | 0.39 (0.25–0.62) | <0.001 | N/A | N/A | N/A | |||
| RPL18A, upper median (vs. lower median) | N/A | 0.55 (0.37–0.83) | 0.004 | N/A | N/A | |||
| RPL19, upper median (vs. lower median) | N/A | N/A | 0.50 (0.33–0.75) | 0.001 | N/A | |||
| RPS12, upper median (vs. lower median) | N/A | N/A | N/A | 0.52 (0.34–0.80) | 0.003 | |||
| Progression-free survival | ||||||||
| BMP2 * | RPL18A * | RPL19 * | RPS12 * | |||||
| Variable | HR (95% CI) | p | HR (95% CI) | p | HR (95% CI) | p | HR (95% CI) | p |
| Female (vs. male) | 1.05 (0.78–1.41) | 0.767 | 1.02 (0.75–1.38) | 0.890 | 1.03 (0.76–1.39) | 0.875 | 1.00 (0.74–1.36) | 1.000 |
| Age | 1.03 (1.02–1.05) | <0.001 | 1.04 (1.02–1.05) | <0.001 | 1.03 (1.02–1.05) | <0.001 | 1.03 (1.02–1.05) | <0.001 |
| WHO grade III (vs. grade II) | 1.36 (0.96–1.91) | 0.082 | 1.41 (1.00–1.99) | 0.051 | 1.39 (0.99–1.95) | 0.059 | 1.36 (0.97–1.91) | 0.078 |
| Histological type | ||||||||
| Oligodendroglioma (vs. astrocytoma) | 0.71 (0.48–1.03) | 0.070 | 0.51 (0.36–0.74) | <0.001 | 0.52 (0.36–0.75) | <0.001 | 0.60 (0.42–0.87) | 0.007 |
| Oligoastrocytoma (vs. astrocytoma) | 0.61 (0.40–0.92) | 0.018 | 0.53 (0.35–0.79) | 0.002 | 0.54 (0.36–0.81) | 0.003 | 0.58 (0.39–0.88) | 0.010 |
| Karnofsky Performance Scale Index | 1.00 (0.98–1.01) | 0.511 | 1.00 (0.99–1.01) | 0.709 | 1.00 (0.99–1.01) | 0.627 | 1.00 (0.99–1.01) | 0.735 |
| Radiation treatment | 0.70 (0.49–1.01) | 0.057 | 0.78 (0.54–1.12) | 0.170 | 0.80 (0.55–1.15) | 0.219 | 0.72 (0.50–1.03) | 0.073 |
| Tumor laterality, left (vs. right) | 1.20 (0.89–1.62) | 0.241 | 1.19 (0.88–1.61) | 0.257 | 1.19 (0.88–1.61) | 0.259 | 1.17 (0.87–1.58) | 0.307 |
| BMP2, upper median (vs. lower median) | 0.41 (0.30–0.58) | <0.001 | N/A | N/A | N/A | |||
| RPL18A, upper median (vs. lower median) | N/A | 0.60 (0.44–0.82) | 0.001 | N/A | N/A | |||
| RPL19, upper median (vs. lower median) | N/A | N/A | 0.59 (0.43–0.80) | 0.001 | N/A | |||
| RPS12, upper median (vs. lower median) | N/A | N/A | N/A | 0.53 (0.39–0.73) | <0.001 | |||
CER1, cerberus 1; FRAT1, FRAT regulator of WNT signaling pathway 1; FSTL1, follistatin-like 1; RPSA, ribosomal protein SA; BMP2, bone morphogenetic protein 2; RPL18A, ribosomal protein L18A; RPL19, ribosomal protein L19; RPS12, ribosomal protein S12; HR, hazard ratio; CI, confidence interval; WHO, World Health Organization; N/A, not available; p < 0.05 is shown in bold. * Adjusted for sex (female vs. male), age (continuous variable), WHO grade (grade III vs. grade II), histological type (oligodendroglioma and oligoastrocytoma vs. astrocytoma), Karnofsky Performance Scale Index, radiation treatment, and tumor laterality (left vs. right).