Table 1.

Concise overview of relevant studies on pharmacogenetics for postoperative pain comparing genotype-guided versus standard care.

Ref.	Participants/Country/Tools	Intervention/Treatment	Pharmacogenetic	Main Results
Hamilton 2022 [27]	-107 patients scheduled for total joint replacement -Mean age 56.8 ± 11.7 -Country: USA -NRS	-Control group: acetaminophen, oxycodone, tramadol, and celecoxib -Custom group: hydromorphone, meloxicam	16 genes, including CYP2D6, CYP2C9, OPRM1, CYP3A4 and CYP1A2	-Lower pain levels while reducing the consumption of pain medication in genotype-guided group
Thomas 2021 [28]	-234 patients undergoing total joint arthroplasty -58.5% female, mean age 67.0 (52–74 years) -Hospital and Orthopedic Clinic -Country: USA -PROMIS	-Control group: standard recommendations -Genotype-guided group: CYP2D6 PM, IM or UM were recommended to avoid tramadol, hydrocodone, codeine and oxycodone and to use an alternative opioid or non-opioid	CYP2D6	-Lower opioid consumption in genotype-guided group with similar pain intensity
Hamilton 2020 [29]	-25 patients scheduled for total knee arthroplasty -71.0% female, mean age 69.5 (45.7–89.9 years) -Country: USA -NRS	-Control group: ketorolac, acetaminophen, tramadol, hydrocodone, celecoxib -Custom group: custom-medication regimen	7 genes, including CYP2D6, CYP2C9, OPRM1, CYP3A4 and CYP1A2	-Lower opioid consumption and pain levels in genotype-guided group
Senagore 2017 [30]	-50 patients undergoing laparoscopic colorectal (44) and major ventral hernia surgery (5) -64% female, mean age 64.5 -Country: USA -OBAS	-Control group: standard drug protocol -Custom group: altered analgesic selection to avoid medications impacted by a genetic variant	9 genes, including CYP2D6, CYP2C9, OPRM1, CYP3A4 and CYP1A2	-50% reduction in opioid consumption, decreased related side effects in genotype-guided group

Legend: Ref.—reference, %—percentage; USA—United States of America, PROMIS—Patient Reported Outcome Measurement Information System; OBAS—Overall benefit of analgesia score.