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. 2024 Apr 7;12(4):74. doi: 10.3390/diseases12040074

Table 3.

Summary of the included studies.

First Author and Year of Publication Type of Study Patients Included Differences in Amputation Rate * Differences in Mortality * Reference
de Athayde Soares et al.,
2022		 Prospective cohort
study		 Total (n: 72)
  • -

    ALI and COVID-19 infection (n: 23)

  • -

    ALI without COVID-19 infection (n: 49)

 ALI and COVID-19: 9/23 (39.1%)
vs.
ALI without COVID-19: 5/49 (10.2%)		 ALI and COVID-19: 7/23 (30.4%)
vs.
ALI without COVID-19: 8/49 (16.7%)		 [33]
Goldman et al.,
2020		 Retrospective propensity score-matched study Total (n: 48)
  • -

    ALI and COVID-19 infection (n: 16)

  • -

    ALI without COVID-19 infection (n: 32)

 ALI and COVID-19: 4/16 (25.0%)
vs.
ALI without COVID-19: 1/32 (3.1%)
Amputations occurring
during the index hospital admission		 ALI and COVID-19: 6/16 (37.5%)
vs.
ALI without COVID-19: 1/32 (3.1%)
Death occurring during the index hospital admission		 [27]
Indes et al.,
2020		 Retrospective cohort study Total (n: 40)
  • -

    ALI and COVID-19 infection (n: 15)

  • -

    ALI without COVID-19 infection (n: 25)

 ALI and COVID-19: 4/15 (26.7%)
vs.
ALI without COVID-19: 3/25 (12.0%)		 ALI and COVID-19: 7/15 (46.7%)
vs.
ALI without COVID-19: 2/25 (8.0%)		 [28]
Kahlberg et al.,
2021		 Prospective observational study Total ALI patients (n: 97)
  • -

    ALI and COVID-19 infection (n: 41)

  • -

    ALI without COVID-19 infection (n: 241)

 - ALI and COVID-19: 12/41 (29.3%)
vs.
ALI without COVID-19: 5/56 (8.9%)
In hospital deaths		 [34]
Malkoc et al.,
2022		 Retrospective case-control study Total (n: 498)
  • -

    ICU—COVID-19 positive (n: 249)

  • -

    ICU—COVID-19 negative (n: 249)

 12/249 ICU COVID-19 positive patients developed a gangrene during the ICU stay (4.8%), 4/12 (33.4%) underwent a major amputation
vs.
1/249 (0.4%) ICU COVID-19 negative patients developed a gangrene during the ICU-stay, 0/1 underwent any amputation. 		Mortality among the COVID-19 positive patients that developed gangrene: 5/12 (41.7%)
vs.
Mortality among the ICU COVID-19 positive patients: 0/1		 [29]
Mascia et al.,
2020		 Prospective/retrospective study Total (n: 31)
  • -

    ALI and COVID-19 infection (n: 15)

  • -

    ALI without COVID-19 infection (n: 16)

 Total limb
salvage rate, considering both COVID-19 positive and COVID-19 negative patients:
29/31 (93.5%)		 ALI and COVID-19: 1/15 (6.7%)
vs.
ALI without COVID-19: 1/16 (6.2%)
Death occurring during hospitalization		 [36]
Naouli et al.,
2022		 Retrospective observational study Total (n: 83)
  • -

    ALI and COVID-19 infection (n: 22)

  • -

    ALI without COVID-19 infection (n: 61)

 ALI and COVID-19: 5/22 (22.7%)
vs.
ALI without COVID-19: 11/61 (18.0%)
In hospital amputations		 ALI and COVID-19: 6/22 (27.3%)
vs.
ALI without COVID-19: 7/61 (11.5%)
In hospital deaths		 [30]
Nwilati et al.,
2023		 Retrospective cross-sectional study Total (n: 43)
  • -

    ALI and COVID-19 infection (n: 11)

  • -

    ALI without COVID-19 infection (n: 32)

 ALI and COVID-19: 4/11 (36.4%)
vs.
ALI without COVID-19: 3/32 (9.4%)
Amputations occurring during the entire length of the hospitalization		 ALI and COVID-19: 4/11 (36.4%)
vs.
ALI without COVID-19: 3/32 (9.4%)
Death occurring during the entire length of the hospitalization		 [31]
Pham et al.,
2022		 Retrospective propensity score-matched study Total (n: 14,657)
  • -

    ALI and COVID-19 infection (n: 526)

  • -

    ALI without COVID-19 infection (n: 14,131)

 ALI and COVID-19: 31/526 (7.0%)
vs.
ALI without COVID-19: 381/14,131 (2.7%)
180 days amputation rate		 ALI and COVID-19: 130/526 (24.7%)
vs.
ALI without COVID-19: 1215/14,131 (8.6%)
180 days mortality		 [22]
Predenciuc et al.,
2022		 Prospective observational study Total (n: 130)
  • -

    ALI and COVID-19 infection (n: 21)

  • -

    ALI without COVID-19 infection (n: 109)

 ALI and COVID-19: 4/21 (19.0%)
vs.
ALI without COVID-19: 12/109 (11.0%)		 ALI and COVID-19: 9/21 (42.9%)
vs.
ALI without COVID-19: 17/109 (15.6%)		 [35]
Xie et al.,
2022		 Retrospective cohort study Total (n: 104)
  • -

    ALI and COVID-19 infection (n: 36–n: 40)

  • -

    ALI without COVID-19 infection (n: 68–n: 74 limbs)

 ALI and COVID-19: 11/40 limbs (27.5%)
vs.
ALI without COVID-19: 2/74 limbs (2.7%)		 ALI and COVID-19: 17/36 (47.2%)
vs.
ALI without COVID-19: 8/68 (11.8%)		 [32]

* where not otherwise specified, data are expressed as “30-days amputation rate” and as “30-days days mortality rate”.