Table 3.
Mean concentrations and minimum–maximum range (μg/kg, fresh weight) of pesticides and 7 PCB congeners in cow’s, goat and sheep’s milk and dairy products collected in Croatia within the period 2015–2022 (other pesticides not listed in the table were not quantified above the LOQ (<LOQ).
| Compound | Mean ± SD (Number of Results above the LOQ) Minimum–Maximum |
|||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cow’s Milk n = 337 |
Goat’s Milk n = 60 |
Sheep’s Milk n = 46 |
Dairy Products n = 91 |
|
| Organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) | ||||
| Chlorobenzilate | 1.30 ± 0.17 (4) 1.2–1.6 |
1.25 ± 0.05 (2) 1.2–1.3 |
<LOQ | <LOQ |
| Chlordane, trans- | 1.2 | <LOQ | <LOQ | <LOQ |
| ∑DDT a | 1.70 ± 0.82 (21) 1.0–3.9 |
2.30 ± 0.40 (2) 1.9–2.7 |
1.3 | 3.17 ± 2.15 (3) 1.0–6.1 |
| Dieldrin | 1.1 | <LOQ | <LOQ | <LOQ |
| ∑endosulfan b | 1.68 ± 0.43 (4) 1.0–2.2 |
1.7 | 2.2 | 1.95 ± 0.05 (2) 1.9–2.0 |
| Endrin | 1.0 | <LOQ | <LOQ | <LOQ |
| ∑HCH c | 1.04 ± 0.34 (9) 0.7–1.5 |
1.07 ± 0.05 (3) 1.0–1.1 |
0.5 | <LOQ |
| Heptachlor | <LOQ | <LOQ | <LOQ | 1.1 ± 0.1 (2) 1.0–1.2 |
| Hexachlorobenzene | 0.92 ± 0.22 (23) 0.2–1.2 |
1.70 ± 0.6 (2) 1.1–2.3 |
1.03 ± 0.19 (4) 0.8–1.1 |
1.28 ± 0.28 (4) 0.8–1.5 |
| Methoxychlor | 1.78 ± 0.35 (6) 1.1–2.2 |
1.1 | 1.1 | <LOQ |
| Pentachloroaniline | <LOQ | <LOQ | 1.1 | <LOQ |
| Quintozene | <LOQ | 1.9 | <LOQ | <LOQ |
| Organophosphorus pesticides (OPPs) | ||||
| Bromophos-ethyl | 1.35 ± 0.05 (2) 1.3–1.4 |
1.25 ± 0.05 (2) 1.2–1.3 |
<LOQ | 2.27 ± 0.05 (3) 2.2–2.3 |
| Chlorfenvinphos | 1.3 ± 0.3 (2) 1.0–1.6 |
<LOQ | <LOQ | <LOQ |
| Chlorpyrifos | 1.49 ± 0.18 (9) 1.3–1.8 |
1.2 | 1.8 | <LOQ |
| Chlorpyrifos-methyl | <LOQ | <LOQ | <LOQ | <LOQ |
| Diazinon | <LOQ | <LOQ | 3.65 ± 1.95 (2) 1.7–5.6 |
<LOQ |
| Ethion | 2.2 ± 0.3 (2) 1.9–2.5 |
<LOQ | <LOQ | <LOQ |
| Pirimiphos-methyl | 1.4 ± 0.37 (3) 1.0–1.9 |
1.65 ± 0.35 (2) 1.3–2.0 |
<LOQ | <LOQ |
| Pyrazophos | 1.0 | <LOQ | <LOQ | <LOQ |
| Triazophos | <LOQ | 1.6 | <LOQ | <LOQ |
| Pyrethroids and carbamates (P&C) | ||||
| Allethrin | <LOQ | 3.3 | <LOQ | <LOQ |
| Bifenthrin | 1.4 ± 0.2 (2) 1.2–1.6 |
<LOQ | <LOQ | <LOQ |
| Carbaryl | 17.4 | <LOQ | 17.4 ± 7.40 (3) 12.0–27.9 |
<LOQ |
| Primicarb | 1.5 | <LOQ | <LOQ | <LOQ |
| Permethrin | 1.4 | <LOQ | <LOQ | <LOQ |
| Resmethrin | <LOQ | 7.6 | <LOQ | <LOQ |
| Tetramethrin | 1.5 | <LOQ | <LOQ | <LOQ |
| Polychlorobiphenyls (Seven PCBs) |
||||
| ∑PCBs d | 2.74 ± 5.42 (19) 1.0–25.6 |
1.93 ± 0.18 (2) 1.75–2.1 |
1.38 ± 0.48 (4) 1.0–2.2 |
2.85 ± 0.61 (3) 2.4–3.9 |
| Total no. of results above LOQ | ||||
| Total no. of OCP (%) | 70 (20.8) | 12 (20.0) | 9 (19.7) | 11 (12.1) |
| Total no. of OPP (%) | 19 (5.64) | 6 (10.0) | 3 (6.52) | 3 (3.30) |
| Total no. of P&C (%) | 6 (1.78) | 2 (3.33) | 3 (6.52) | 0 |
| Total no. of PCBs (%) | 19 (5.63) | 2 (3.33) | 4 (6.67) | 3 (3.30) |
| Total | 114 (33.8) | 22 (36.7) | 19 (41.3) | 17 (18.7) |
a ∑DDT: sum of pp′-DDD, pp′-DDE, op′-DDT and pp′-DDT. b ∑endosulfan: alpha-endosulfan, beta-endosulfan and endosulfansulfate. c ∑HCH: sum of the alpha, beta and gamma isomers. d ∑PCBs: sum of PCB 28, PCB 52, PCB 101, PCB 118, PCB 138, PCB 153 and PCB 180.