Table 3.
Number (percentage) of positive responses to the question “Do you agree that neonatal pain may be associated with the following short-term adverse outcomes?”
| No of Domain/Item |
Domains and Items | Group T1 | Group T2 | p a | OR | 95% CI | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| (n = 104) | (n = 113) | Lower | Upper | ||||
| 1 | Total CNS | 61 (55) | 104 (90) | <0.001 | 0.157 | 0.075 | 0.329 |
| 1.1 | Change in cerebral blood flow | 25 (24) | 92 (80) | <0.001 | 12.320 | 6.487 | 23.414 |
| 1.2 | Cerebral hemorrhage | 14 (14) | 53 (46) | <0.001 | 5.373 | 2.749 | 10.529 |
| 1.3 | Increased intracranial pressure | 35 (34) | 64 (56) | 0.002 | 2.402 | 1.386 | 4.163 |
| 1.4 | Increased stress responses | 57 (56) | 96 (83) | <0.001 | 3.989 | 2.128 | 7.478 |
| 2 | Total cardiovascular | 80 (78) | 109 (94) | 0.001 | 0.200 | 0.078 | 0.516 |
| 2.1 | Hypertension | 30 (29) | 97 (84) | <0.001 | 12.933 | 6.691 | 25.001 |
| 2.2 | Tachycardia | 76 (74) | 98 (85) | 0.060 | 1.972 | 0.998 | 3.896 |
| 2.3 | Bradycardia | 30 (29) | 59 (51) | 0.001 | 2.529 | 1.442 | 4.433 |
| 2.4 | Heart rate fluctuation | 51 (50) | 105 (91) | <0.001 | 0.095 | 0.045 | 0.203 |
| 2.5 | Pulmonary hypertension | 13 (13) | 32 (28) | 0.007 | 2.639 | 1.297 | 5.372 |
| 2.6 | Circulatory collapse | 7 (7) | 19 (16) | 0.036 | 2.686 | 1.079 | 6.685 |
| 3 | Total respiratory | 76 (73.8) | 113 (100) | <0.001 | 0.050 | 0.012 | 0.216 |
| 3.1 | Irregular breathing pattern | 11 (11) | 73 (63) | <0.001 | 14.537 | 6.995 | 30.210 |
| 3.2 | Apneic spells | 36 (35) | 83 (72) | <0.001 | 4.827 | 2.717 | 8.577 |
| 3.3 | Respiratory distress | 7 (7) | 43 (37) | <0.001 | 8.190 | 3.482 | 19.264 |
| 3.4 | Oxygen desaturations | 61 (59) | 96 (83) | <0.001 | 3.270 | 1.756 | 6.092 |
| 3.5 | Hypoxemia | 39 (38) | 86 (75) | <0.001 | 4.896 | 2.726 | 8.686 |
| 3.6 | Ventilator asynchrony | 54 (52) | 85 (74) | 0.001 | 2.570 | 2.571 | 4.538 |
| 3.7 | Increased duration of mechanical ventilation | 10 (10) | 44 (38) | <0.001 | 5.763 | 2.715 | 12.237 |
| 3.8 | Pneumothorax | 17 (16) | 47 (41) | <0.001 | 3.497 | 1.845 | 6.627 |
| 4 | Total other systems | 31 (30) | 84 (73) | <0.001 | 0.159 | 0.088 | 0.286 |
| 4.1 | Deterioration of the clinical condition | 20 (19) | 76 (66) | <0.001 | 8.087 | 4.340 | 15.070 |
| 4.2 | Hormonal and metabolic derangement | 18 (17) | 65 (56) | <0.001 | 6.139 | 3.276 | 11.505 |
| 4.3 | Slow growth rate | 6 (6) | 47 (41) | <0.001 | 11.174 | 4.523 | 27.607 |
a Fisher’s exact test; CNS, central nervous system.