Table 4.
Health benefits of anthocyanin evaluated in animal models.
| Source of Anthocyanin and Dose | Experimental System | Bioactivity/Disease | Significant Results | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Black raspberry powder, 10 mg/kg/day for 12 weeks | Azoxymethane/DSS-treated C57BL/6J mice | Colorectal cancer | ↓ Enterococcus sp. and Desulfovibrio sp., ↑ probiotics (Eubacterium rectale, Lactobacillus, and Faecalibacterium prausnitzii), ↓ inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α and IL-6), ↑ expression of SFRP2 mRNA and protein, ↓ expression of DNMT31, DNMT3B, and p-STAT3 |
[21] |
| Blueberry extract, 150 mg/kg daily for 16 weeks | double-transgenic APP/PS1 mice | Alzheimer’s disease |
↓ Neuron damage, ↑ degradation of autophagosomes (↓ p62 proteins), and neuronal autophagy (↑LAMP1 and cathepsin D proteins) |
[129] |
| Fruits of Sambucus canadensis, 50–200 mg/kg/day for 8 weeks | male Kunming mice | Anti-aging | ↓ Activity of PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway to promote autophagic and mitophagic flux in senescent cells ↑ Clearing damaged mitochondria and apoptosis of senescent cells to attenuate aging |
[139] |
| Lycium ruthenicum, 50–200 mg/kg for 12 weeks | C57BL/6J mice fed with HFD | Obesity | ↓ Weight gain, enriched SCFA-producing bacteria (e.g., Akkermansia, Ruminococcaceae, Muribaculaceae, and Bacteroides), SCFA content, endotoxin-producing bacteria (e.g., Desulfovibrionaceae and Helicobacter), endotoxin (i.e., LPS) levels, and intestinal inflammation by inhibiting the LPS/NF-κB/TLR4 pathway |
[141] |
| Roselle (Hibiscus sabdariffa L.) extract, 0–400 mg/kg for 35 days | chicks (Ross 308 broiler) | Normal growth and development | ↑ n-3 PUFA in the breast muscle, immunoexpression of IgG in the spleen, serum thyroxine hormone (T4), serum SOD level, serum levels of lysozymes and IL10, serum complement 3 (C3) level, ↓ serum triglyceride, serum MDA |
[143] |
| Lycium ruthenicum Murray, 200 mg/kg/day or 3 months | male C57BL/6 mice | Normal growth and development | ↑ Liver T-AOC, CAT, T-SOD, GSH, and GSH-Px, ↓ liver AST, ALP, ALT, and MDA, ↑ anti-inflammatory status in colon (↓ expression of mRNA of Cox-2, iNos, TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1β, and Ifn-γ), improved intestinal barrier (↑ expression of mRNA of Muc1, Zo-1, Occludin, and Claudin-1), ↑ beneficial gut microbiota (Barnesiella, Alistipes, Eisenbergiella, Coprobacter and Odoribacter), ↑ SCFA in cecal contents and feces |
[144] |
| Vaccinium uliginosum extract | hairless mice (SKH-1) | Skin aging in UVB-induced photodamage |
↓ Expression of MMP mRNA, ↑ mRNA expression of TIMP, and antioxidant-related genes (SOD1, CAT, and GPx), ↓ protein levels of inflammatory cytokine (IL-6, IL-12, and TNF-α), ER, JNK, and p38 |
[145] |
| Lycium ruthenicum Murray fruit extract, 20 mg/kg/day | male C57BL/6 mice | Ulcerative colitis and Crohn’s disease | ↓ Proinflammatory cytokines mRNA (TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1β, and IFN-γ), promotion of the intestinal barrier function (↑ ZO-1, occluding, and claudin-1 proteins), gut microbiota modulation (↑ Lactobacillus, ↓ Oscillibacter) |
[146] |
| Bilberry extract, 10–40 mg/kg/day for 10 weeks | female SD rats |
Anti-aging | ↑ Beneficial intestinal bacteria (Aspergillus oryzae, Bacteroides, Lactobacillus, Clostridiaceae-1, the Bacteroidales-S24-7-group and the Lachnospiraceae_NK4A136_group), ↓ harmful bacteria (Euryarchaeota and Verrucomicrobia), ↑ SCFAs (acetic acid, butyric acid, and propionic acid) ↓ activity of digestive enzymes (α-glucosidase, α-galactosidase, β-galactosidase, β-glucosidase, and β-glucuronidase), ↓ colon TNF-α and IL-6 |
[147] |
| Korean black beans, 24 mg/kg/day for 2 weeks | LPS-induced neurotoxicity in Male C57BL/6N mice | Alzheimer’s disease | ↓ Inflammatory markers (p-NF-kB, TNF-α, and IL-1β), neuronal apoptosis (↓ expression of Bax, cytochrome c, cleaved caspase-3, and cleaved PARP-1), ↑ the level of survival proteins p-Akt, p-GSK3β, and antiapoptotic Bcl-2 protein. |
[148] |
Increase and decrease are symbolized by upward (↑) and downward (↓) arrows. Abbreviations are as follows. AKT: protein kinase B; ALP: alkaline phosphatase; ALT: alanine aminotransferase; AST: alanine aminotransferase; CAT: Catalase; Cox-2: yclooxygenase-2; DNMT: DNA methyltransferase; DSS: dextran sodium sulfate; GSH: reduced glutathione; GSH-Px: glutathione peroxidase; HFD: high-fat diet; Ifn-γ: interferon γ; IgG: Immunoglobulin G; IL: interleukin; iNos: inducible nitric oxide synthase; JNK: Jun N-terminal kinase; LAMP1: lysosomal-associated membrane protein 1; LPS: lipopolysaccharide; MDA: malondialdehyde; MMP matrix metalloproteinase; mTOR: mammalian target of rapamycin; Muc1: mucin-1; NF-κB: nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells; PI3K: phosphoinositide 3-kinase; p-STAT3: signal transducer and activator of transcription-3; PUFA: polyunsaturated fatty acids; SCFA: short-chain fatty acids; SFRP2: secreted frizzled-related protein 2; SOD: superoxide dismutase; T-AOC: total antioxidant capacity; TIMP: tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase; TLR4: Toll-like receptor 4; TNF-α: tumor necrosis factor α; T-SOD: total superoxide dismutase; Zo-1: zonulae occludens-1.