Table 3.
Flavonoids quantified in the fermented orange peels and a control by HPLC-ESI-TOF-MS, expressed as the average ± standard deviation in µg/g d.w.
| Compound | Le. brevis CECT 5354 | La. plantarum CECT 748T | La. plantarum CECT 9567 | Control | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 24 h | 48 h | 24 h | 48 h | 24 h | 48 h | ||
| Quercetin-3-O-rutinoside-7-O-Glucoside | 27.64 ± 1.17 a,b | 25.46 ± 0.88 c,d | 25.44 ± 0.77 c,d | 23.84 ± 0.76 d | 28.64 ± 0.72 a | 23.97 ± 0.05 d | 26.23 ± 0.20 b,c |
| Luteolin 7-O-glucoside | 62.27 ± 0.95 a,b | 61.33 ± 2.26 a,b | 57.68 ± 1.99 a,b | 52.04 ± 1.93 c | 62.68 ± 1.65 a | 57.29 ± 2.35 b | 59.21 ± 0.77 a,b |
| Prunin | 149.44 ± 1.35 a | 141.97 ± 2.65 b | 138.38 ± 2.75 b | 120.88 ± 1.30 c | 124.48 ± 1.71 c | 137.31 ± 0.14 b | 123.74 ± 2.72 c |
| Isorhamnetin-3-O-rutinoside isomer I | 95.29 ± 3.24 a | 91.70 ± 0.63 a,b | 85.68 ± 2.65 c | 88.01 ± 0.35 b,c | 95.80 ± 1.46 a | 84.86 ± 1.59 c | 92.54 ± 1.41 a,b |
| Isorhamnetin-3-O-rutinoside isomer II | 45.12 ± 2.14 a | 43.67 ± 1.40 a,b | 40.22 ± 1.72 b,c | 38.48 ± 0.79 c | 43.74 ± 1.51 a,b | 38.71 ± 1.74 c | 42.46 ± 1.14 a–c |
| Vitexin-O-pentoside | 128.65 ± 0.81 a | 125.94 ± 0.01 a,b | 121.50 ± 3.51 b,c | 116.85 ± 0.21 c | 125.34 ± 4.05 a,b | 121.79 ± 0.52 b,c | 122.45 ± 0.45 b,c |
| Naringin hydrate | 18.83 ± 0.48 b,c | 19.03 ± 0.90 a-c | 17.68 ± 0.68 c,d | 16.71 ± 0.81 d | 20.67 ± 0.72 a | 16.97 ± 0.41 d | 19.49 ± 0.06 a,b |
| Apigenin-di-C-hexoside (Vicenin-2) isomer I | 490.70 ± 6.40 a | 481.67 ± 0.88 a | 473.24 ± 9.59 a,b | 431.92 ± 3.21 c | 448.12 ± 15.82 b,c | 470.90 ± 1.79 a,b | 444.48 ± 19.28 b,c |
| Apigenin-di-C-hexoside (Vicenin-2) isomer II | 28.47 ± 0.89 b | 27.58 ± 0.02 b | 27.71 ± 1.17 b | 28.48 ± 0.84 b | 32.04 ± 0.79 a | 27.40 ± 0.91 b | 30.84 ± 0.35 a |
| Apigenin-di-C-hexoside (Vicenin-2) isomer III | 17.27 ± 0.72 d | 17.88 ± 0.49 c,d | 17.30 ± 0.02 d | 18.77 ± 0.48 b,c | 21.41 ± 0.30 a | 17.44 ± 0.75 c,d | 20.03 ± 0.49 a,b |
| Apigenin 7-O-neohesperidoside | 28.46 ± 0.58 a | 27.64 ± 0.78 a | 26.48 ± 0.96 a–c | 23.68 ± 0.67 d | 27.31 ± 0.99 a,b | 24.98 ± 0.57 c,d | 25.38 ± 0.10 b–d |
| Narirutin | 621.47 ± 8.42 a | 610.59 ± 5.64 a,b | 585.25 ± 2.80 b,c | 558.30 ± 15.65 c,d | 537.37 ± 18.90 d | 588.76 ± 12.61 a–c | 560.05 ± 16.29 c,d |
| Rutin isomer I | 97.43 ± 2.67 a,b | 92.69 ± 2.28 b,c | 86.39 ± 2.88 c,d | 84.59 ± 3.54 d | 100.77 ± 0.51 a | 89.37 ± 0.85 c,d | 91.25 ± 3.82 b–d |
| Rutin isomer II | 63.38 ± 2.13 a,b | 63.58 ± 2.20 a,b | 60.96 ± 2.48 b | 57.69 ± 1.75 b | 68.30 ± 3.12 a | 58.31 ± 1.47 b | 63.48 ± 1.21 a,b |
| Hesperidin | 960.16 ± 31.76 a | 907.31 ± 23.27 a,b | 924.52 ± 5.57 a,b | 863.24 ± 25.80 b,c | 873.10 ± 26.05 b,c | 833.32 ± 4.76 c | 868.09 ± 23.69 b,c |
| Neohesperidin | 17.48 ± 0.12 b,c | 18.85 ± 0.59 a | 17.79 ± 0.36 a,b | 15.84 ± 0.03 d | 16.24 ± 0.12 d | 16.51 ± 0.48 c,d | 16.09 ± 0.79 d |
| Alpha-Glucosyl Hesperidin isomer I | <LOQ | <LOQ | <LOQ | <LOQ | <LOQ | <LOQ | <LOQ |
| Alpha-Glucosyl Hesperidin isomer II | <LOQ | <LOQ | <LOQ | <LOQ | <LOQ | <LOQ | <LOQ |
| Kaempferol 3-O-[3″,6″-di-O-(E)-cinnamoyl]-b-D-glucopyranoside isomer I | 14.98 ± 0.60 b,c | 16.14 ± 0.66 a,b | 15.62 ± 0.72 b,c | 14.80 ± 0.56 b,c | 17.41 ± 0.87 a | 14.41 ± 0.15 c | 16.00 ± 0.06 a–c |
| Kaempferol 3-O-[3″,6″-di-O-(E)-cinnamoyl]-b-D glucopyranoside isomer II | 19.89 ± 0.57 a,b | 20.46 ± 0.52 a | 19.45 ± 0.83 a–c | 17.98 ± 0.70 c | 20.54 ± 0.90 a | 18.36 ± 0.52 b,c | 19.82 ± 0.05 a,b |
| Kaempferol 3-[2″-glucosyl-6″-acetyl-galactoside]7-glucoside isomer I | 28.58 ± 1.10 c,d | 29.77 ± 0.75 b,c | 28.32 ± 0.89 c,d | 27.95 ± 0.69 c,d | 33.89 ± 1.22 a | 26.92 ± 0.20 d | 31.60 ± 0.10 b |
| Kaempferol 3-[2″-glucosyl-6″-acetyl-galactoside]7-glucoside isomer II | 31.98 ± 1.25 b | 30.58 ± 1.48 b,c | 29.27 ± 0.56 c | 28.92 ± 0.73 c | 37.23 ± 0.96 a | 25.95 ± 0.08 d | 32.48 ± 0.98 b |
| Kaempferol-dihexosyl acetate | 10.52 ± 0.50 c,d | 11.33 ± 0.05 c | 11.04 ± 0.30 c,d | 10.41 ± 0.19 d | 15.19 ± 0.38 a | 8.99 ± 0.22 e | 12.74 ± 0.17 b |
| Kaempferol 3-O-(6″-O-acetyl) glucoside-7-O-rhamnoside | <LOQ | <LOQ | <LOQ | <LOQ | <LOQ | <LOQ | <LOQ |
| Kaempferol 3-apiosyl-(1->4)-rhamnoside-7-rhamnoside | 2.50 ± 0.08 d,e | 2.81 ± 0.11 c | 2.67 ± 0.13 c,d | 2.13 ± 0.10 f | 4.79 ± 0.15 a | 2.24 ± 0.08 e,f | 3.15 ± 0.12 b |
| Kaempferol 3-O-sinapoyl-caffeoyl-sophoroside 7-O-glucoside isomer I | 5.80 ± 0.06 b | 5.72 ± 0.21 b | 4.61 ± 0.20 c | 4.63 ± 0.18 c | 8.97 ± 0.23 a | 4.88 ± 0.12 c | 6.25 ± 0.28 b |
| Kaempferol 3-O-sinapoyl-caffeoyl-sophoroside 7-O-glucoside isomer II | 4.17 ± 0.07 c | 3.59 ± 0.15 d | 3.11 ± 0.13 f | 3.47 ± 0.10 d,e | 6.45 ± 0.09 a | 3.13 ± 0.10 e,f | 4.71 ± 0.22 b |
| 3′,4′-Didemethylnobiletin | <LOQ | <LOQ | <LOQ | <LOQ | <LOQ | <LOQ | <LOQ |
LOQ: Limit of quantification. Different letters (a–f) in the same line indicate significant differences (p < 0.05).