Table 3.

Fold change in biomarker level in patients with high-grade glioma (n = 14; including 13 patients with glioblastoma) comparing samples pre- and post-FUS-BBBO. Data retrieved from [32,34]. Abbreviations: ctDNA = circulating tumor DNA; TERT = telomerase reverse transcriptase; IDH = isocitrate dehydrogenase; cfDNA = circulating free DNA; bp = base pair; NCAM = neural cell adhesion molecule; L1CAM = L1 cell adhesion molecule.

Biomarker	Specific Target	n	Fold Change	Patients with Fold Increase (%)	Data From
ctDNA		5	1.5 ± 0.4	60	[35]
	Mutant copies TERT C228T/C250T	2	4.3 and 5.6	50	[35]
	Mutant copies IDH1-R132H	1	2 to 3	100	[33]
cfDNA: fragment size selection		9	2.6 ± 1.2	100	[33]
	0–280 bp	9	3.5	100	[33]
	120–280 bp	5	1.3 ± 0.2	80	[35]
Protein	S100b	9	1.4 ± 0.2	89	[33]
Extracellular vesicles	NCAM and L1CAM	9	3.2 ± 1.9	100	[33]