Table 1.

Reports on miRNA-mediated resistance to insecticides in pests of agricultural importance.

Order	Insect Species	Life Stage	miRNA	Target Gene(s)	Strategy	Insecticide	Mode of Action	Reference
Arachnida	Tetranychus cinnabarinus	Adult	tci-miR-281-5p, tci-miR-281-3p tci-miR-92-3p	TuCCE-29, TuGSTm01, CYP392E9, TuGSTd01		Fenpropathrin	Sodium channel modulators	[44]
			tci-miR-1-3p	TCGSTM4	Treated leaf-discs feeding	Cyflumetofen	Mitochondrial complex II electron transport inhibitors	[37]
Diptera	Culex pipiens	Larval	miRNA-71	CYP325BG3	Microinjection	Deltamethrin	Sodium channel modulators	[45]
			miRNA-278-3p	CYP6AG11				[39]
			miRNA-285	CYP6N23				[46]
			miRNA-932	CpCPR5				[47]
			miR-2/13	CYP9J35				[48]
			miRNA-92a	CpCPR4				[49]
			miR-13664	CYP314A1				[50]
			miR-285, miR-2, miR-13, miR-71, miR-278-3p	CYP6N23, CYP6Cp1, CYP9J35, CYP325BG, CYP6AG11	-			[51]
			miRNA-279-3p	CYP325BB1	Microinjection			[52]
			miRNA-4448	CYP4H31				[53]
	Drosophila melanogaster	Adult	miR-310~313	Esg gene	Volatilized	Nicotine	Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor competitive modulators	[54]
				Cyp6g1, Cyp6g2	Microinjection	Dichlorodiphenyl- trichloroethane	Sodium channel modulators	[31]
Hemiptera	Myzus persicae		let-7, miR-100	CYP6CY3	Artificial diet (sterile sucrose)	Nicotine	Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor competitive modulators	[55]
	Aphis gossypii	Third instar nymphs	miRNA-276, miRNA-3016	Acetyl-CoA carboxylase		Spirotetramat	Inhibitors of acetyl-CoA carboxylase	[56]
			miRNA-4133-3p	CYP4CJ1		Gossypol and tannic acid	-	[57]
	Sitobion miscanthi		smi-miR-316, smi-miR-278	CYP4CJ6, nAChRα1A		Imidacloprid	Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor competitive modulators	[58]
			miR-263b	nAChRβ1				[59]
	Laodelphax striatellus		PC-3p-2522_840, PC-3p-446_6601 PC-3p-3096_674	CYP6FL1, GSTD2, UGT386F1, ABCA3		Triflumezopyrim		[60]
	Nilaparvata lugens	Fourth instar nymph	miRNA novel_268	NlABCG3	Microinjection	Nitenpyram and clothianidin		[61]
			novel_85, novel_191	CYP6ER1, CarE1		Nitenpyram		[62]
Coleoptera	Leptinotarsa decemlineata		miR-282, miR-989	No validated targets	-	Imidacloprid		[67]
Lepidoptera	Plutella xylostella	Third instar larva	Pxy-miR-7a, Pxy-miR-8519	PxRyR		Chlorantraniliprole	Ryanodine receptor modulators	[68]
			miR-2b-3p, miR-14b-5p	CYP9F2, CYP307a1	Artificial diet feeding			[11]
			miRNA-2b-3p	Trypsin	Luciferase reporter assay	Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt Cry1Ac)	-	[69]
			miR-1, Let-7, miR-275, miR-184	No validated targets
			miR-189942	PxEcR-B	Microinjection	Fufenozide		[70]
			miR-8525-5p	GSTu1		Chlorantraniliprole	Ryanodine receptor modulators	[71]
			novel-miR-240	Px017590, Px007885	Luciferase reporter assay	Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt Cry1Ac)	-	[72]
			Novel-miR-310	PxABCG20	Microinjection			[73]
			Novel miR-108, miR-234	PxJHE				[74]
	Helicoverpa armigera Spodoptera exigua Plutella xylostella		miR-998–3p	ABCC2				[75]
	Spodoptera frugiperda		miR-190-5p	CYP6K2		Chlorantraniliprole	Ryanodine receptor modulators	[33]
			miR-278-5p, miR-13b-3p, miR-10485-5p, miR-10483-5p	No validated targets		Cyantraniliprole		[32]
						Spinetoram	-
						Emamectin benzoate	Glutamate-gated chloride channel allosteric modulators
			miR-278-5p			Tetraniliprole	Ryanodine receptor modulators	[42]