Table 5.
Bivariate multinomial regression of change in Self-perceived Health for the reference category “Worsening or no improvement” in men and women.
| Men | Women | ||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Remained Well | Improvement | Remained Well | Improvement | ||||||||||
| Variable | Categories | n | RRRc | 95% CI | RRRc | 95% CI | p Value | n | RRRc | 95% CI | RRRc | 95% CI | p Value |
| Age | 107 | 0.97 | 0.94/0.99 | 0.95 | 0.92/0.98 | 0.000 | 222 | 0.98 | 0.96/1.01 | 0.97 | 0.95/1.00 | 0.174 | |
| Social risk (Continuous *) (n = 92) | 92 | 0.91 | 0.77/1.07 | 1.04 | 0.89/1.22 | 0.256 | 191 | 0.82 | 0.71/0.96 | 1.04 | 0.87/1.25 | 0.013 | |
| Being a caregiver (n = 106) | No | 87 | 1 | 1 | 0.442 | 139 | 1 | 1 | 0.002 | ||||
| Yes | 17 | 1.35 | 0.42/4.29 | 0.60 | 0.15/2.36 | 80 | 2.56 | 1.38/4.76 | 0.85 | 0.36/2.00 | |||
| Chronicity (n = 106) | No chronic disease | 16 | 1 | 1 | 0.207 | 55 | 1 | 1 | 0.013 | ||||
| With chronic disease | 90 | 0.46 | 0.12/1.66 | 1.43 | 0.29/6.92 | 164 | 0.40 | 0.20/0.79 | 1.03 | 0.38/2.75 | |||
| Migration status (Country of birth) (n = 106) | Yes (Other country) | 13 | 1 | 1 | 0.868 | 21 | 1 | 1 | 0.968 | ||||
| No (Spain) | 93 | 1.46 | 0.36/5.92 | 1.16 | 0.28/4.79 | 201 | 1.14 | 0.42/3.10 | 1.06 | 0.30/3.64 | |||
| Educational level (n = 105) | Primary or less | 45 | 1 | 1 | 0.038 | 115 | 1 | 1 | 0.130 | ||||
| Secondary or higher education | 60 | 0.48 | 0.19/1.23 | 1.70 | 0.61/4.75 | 102 | 1.65 | 0.91/3.00 | 0.86 | 0.41/1.85 | |||
| Social risk global assessment (Gijón Questionnaire) (n = 92) | Risk free | 52 | 1 | 1 | 0.131 | 136 | 1 | 1 | 0.023 | ||||
| At risk or with socio-familial problems | 40 | 0.83 | 0.30/2.32 | 2.24 | 0.80/6.30 | 55 | 0.38 | 0.18/0.79 | 0.88 | 0.38/2.02 | |||
| Institution (n = 104) | Elderly residence | 4 | Deleted * | 0.146 | n.c. | ||||||||
| Prison facilities | 42 | 1.45 | 0.53/3.95 | 2.76 | 0.93/8.17 | ||||||||
| Alcohol withdrawal centre | 11 | 0.60 | 0.09/4.01 | 3.45 | 0.72/16.6 | ||||||||
| No | 51 | 1 | 1 | ||||||||||
| Residence area (n = 107) | Rural | 78 | 1 | 1 | 0.756 | 128 | 1 | 1 | 0.896 | ||||
| Urban or peri-urban | 29 | 0.68 | 0.24/1.90 | 0.79 | 0.28/2.23 | 89 | 0.94 | 0.51/1.71 | 1.12 | 0.53/2.36 | |||
| Low level of income (n = 102) | Yes | 63 | 1.66 | 0.64/4.32 | 4.21 | 1.42/12.47 | 0.02 | 141 | 0.85 | 0.45/1.62 | 2.37 | 0.88/6.37 | 0.092 |
| No | 39 | 1 | 1 | 63 | 1 | 1 | |||||||
| Live alone (n = 105) | Yes | 32 | 1 | 1 | 0.019 | 52 | 1 | 1 | 0.849 | ||||
| No | 73 | 4.49 | 1.50/13.45 | 1.85 | 0.68/5.04 | 167 | 1.09 | 0.54/2.20 | 0.85 | 0.36/1.99 | |||
| Absence of social relationships (n = 104) | Yes | 6 | 0.59 | 0.09/3.77 | 0.36 | 0.03/3.60 | 0.639 | n.c. | |||||
| No | 98 | 1 | 1 | ||||||||||
| Inadequate housing (n = 106) | Yes | 19 | 1.24 | 0.39/4.03 | 0.90 | 0.24/3.28 | 0.859 | 41 | 0.51 | 0.23/1.13 | 1.28 | 0.54/3.03 | 0.098 |
| No | 89 | 1 | 1 | 179 | 1 | 1 | |||||||
RRRc: Crude relative risk ratio. n.c. = calculation is not possible due to lack of observations. * In men, those institutionalized in a nursing home were eliminated due to the low number of observations.