Table 1.
Baseline Patient Demographic Data and Functional Parameters of PHPVD versus PHLHD group.
| Characteristics | PHPVD | PHLHD | p Value |
|---|---|---|---|
| Total Number of Patients | n = 14 | n = 10 | |
| Female | 10 (73.00%) | 5 (50.00%) | 0.2038 |
| Age (Years) | 75 (56–89) | 74 (51–88) | 0.8739 |
| Nitroprusside Dose (mcg/kg/min) | 0.84 ± 0.42 | 1.22 ± 0.40 | 0.0126 |
| Comorbidities | |||
| HFpEF | 9 (64.20%) | 9 (90.00%) | 0.3408 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 29 (17.77–45.21) | 33 (21.45–60.45) | 0.4031 |
| CAD | 7 (50.00%) | 4 (40.00%) | 0.6968 |
| HTN | 11 (78.60%) | 10 (100.00%) | 0.2391 |
| DM II | 7 (50.00%) | 4 (40.00%) | 0.6968 |
| Atrial fibrillation/Flutter | 6 (42.90%) | 7 (70.00%) | 0.2397 |
| Lung Disease (COPD/ILD) | 8 (57.10%) | 4 (40.00%) | 0.6802 |
| OSA | 6 (42.90%) | 5 (50.00%) | 0.9999 |
| CKD | 7 (50.00%) | 1(10.00%) | 0.0791 |
| Autoimmune diseases | 3 (21.40%) | 0 (0%) | 0.2391 |
| PH Etiology | |||
| Non-PAH † | 2 | ||
| PAH | |||
| Idiopathic-PAH | 2 | ||
| ILD-PAH | 2 | ||
| CTD-PAH | 2 | ||
| Toxin-PAH | 1 | ||
| Medications | |||
| ARNi/ACEi/ARB | 9 (64.20%) | 8 (80.00%) | 0.6529 |
| MRA | 10 (71.40%) | 9 (90.00%) | 0.3577 |
| SGLT2i | 2 (14.20%) | 7 (70.00%) | 0.0104 |
| PDE5 inhibitor only | 2 (14.20%) | 1 (10.00%) | >0.9999 |
| Echocardiographic Parameters | |||
| Mean ± STDev | Mean ± STDev | p Value | |
| LVEF | 63.46 ± 8.02 | 59.4 ± 5.91 | 0.1902 |
| LAVi | 37.04 ± 11.12 | 48.88 ± 31.86 | 0.4833 |
| Diastolic Dysfunction (Grade I–III) | 9 (64.20%) | 8 (80.00%) | 0.66 |
| IVS Systolic Septal flattening | 9 (69.23%) | 7 (70.00%) | >0.9999 |
| RVEDd (cm)—basal width | 4.03 ± 0.52 | 4.7 ± 0.70 | 0.0341 |
| RVOT PW doppler notch | 9 (69.23%) | 10 (100%) | 0.1045 |
| RA size (RAVi) | 30.60 ± 10.74 | 50.91 ± 21.56 | 0.0147 |
| PASP | 57.41 ± 16.52 | 62.77 ±17.18 | 0.354 |
| TAPSE | 1.98 ± 0.62 | 1.33 ± 0.51 | 0.031 |
| RV S′ | 12.28 ± 2.89 | 8.97 ± 2.30 | 0.0054 |
Notes: For nominal variables n (%), for continuous variables mean (range) standard deviation as applicable. Abbreviation: PHPVD, pulmonary hypertension-pulmonary vascular disease; PHLHD, pulmonary hypertension-left heart disease; HFpEF, heart failure with preserved ejection fraction; BMI, body mass index; CAD, coronary artery disease; HTN, hypertension; DM II, diabetes mellitus type 2; OSA, obstructive sleep apnea; CKD, chronic kidney disease; PAH, pulmonary arterial hypertension; CTD, connective tissue disease; ILD, interstitial lung disease; ARNi, angiotensin receptor/neprilysin inhibitor; ACEi, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor; ARB, angiotensin receptor blocker; MRA, mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists; SGLT2i, sodium–glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitor; PDE5, Phosphodiesterase 5 Inhibitors; LVEF, left ventricular ejection fraction; IVS, interventricular septum; RVEDd, right ventricular end-diastolic diameter; RVOT, right ventricular outflow tract; RA, right atrium; RAVi, right atrial volume index; PASP, pulmonary arterial systolic pressure; TAPSE, tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion; RV S′, Right ventricular peak tricuspid annular systolic tissue velocity. † Non-PAH PH: Defined as combined pre- and postcapillary pulmonary hypertension (cpcPH) with normalization of PCWP with nitroprusside but no clear PAH etiology; this phenotype is distinguished from pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) by the presence of a significant postcapillary component, which was characterized during this study (see Figure 1).