Table 1.

Diagnostic, prognostic and predictive biomarkers in glioblastoma.

Biomarker	Classification	Effect	References
IDH1 and IDH2	Prognostic	Mutations in IDH1 or IDH2 are positive prognostic factors	[44]
ATRX	Prognostic	ATRX alterations are associated with a better prognosis	[32]
TERT	Diagnostic and prognostic	Mutations in the TERT gene are associated with a worse prognosis	[32]
CDKN2A	Prognostic	Homozygous deletion of this gene is associated with a poor prognosis	[32]
1p/19q Codeletion	Prognostic	1p/19q deletion is associated with a more favourable clinical outcome, although this alteration is uncommon in glioblastoma	[49]
7+/10−	Diagnostic and prognostic	Gain of chromosome 7 and loss of chromosome 10 are common alterations in glioblastoma and are typically associated with a poor prognosis	[32]
EGFR	Diagnostic, prognostic and predictive	Amplification of this gene is associated with a poor prognosis and resistance to therapy	[52,54]
MGMT	Prognostic and predictive	Promoter methylation of the MGMT gene is associated with a favourable prognosis and a better response to treatment	[32]