Figure 1.

Androgen deprivation therapy (ADT), hypoxia, radiation, hormones, inflammation, and other factors can regulate the progression of prostate adenocarcinomas to castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) through the induction of neuroendocrine differentiation (NED) and genetic modifications in prostate tumors. This progression results in the upregulation (green) or downregulation (blue) of various molecular markers, including transcription factors (TP53, REST, BRN2, INSM1, c-Myc) and cell signaling and receptor molecules (PTEN, Aurora kinases, retinoblastoma tumor suppressor, S100 proteins, CasR, Protein S, glucocorticoid receptor, AR-V7) in the prostate cancer cells.