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. 2024 Apr 18;25(8):4460. doi: 10.3390/ijms25084460

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© 2024 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Possible disease mechanisms of OD in CRS. Possible mechanistic pathways that can explain the OD observed in CRS patients, based on available scientific data. OBPs: olfactory binding proteins. MVC: microvillar cells. SUS: sustentacular cells. OSNs: olfactory sensory neurons. GBCs: globose basal cells. HBCs: horizontal basal cells. TH: T helper. ILC2: type 2 innate lymphoid cells. IL: interleukin. IFNγ: interferon-γ. TNF-α: tumour necrosis factor α. MBP: major basic protein. EPO: eosinophil peroxidase. ECP: eosinophil cationic protein. OSM: oncostatin M. GM-CSF: granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor. Created with BioRender.com.