Table 3.

Reference ranges for basal, mid and apical segments’ longitudinal strain.

Layer	Basal	Mid	Apical
Endocardial	−19.3 ± 3.6	−21.6 ± 3.5 *	−29.8 ± 6.4 *,§
Mid-myocardial	−18.3 ± 3.3	−19.9 ± 3.2 *	−22.7 ± 5.1 *,§
Epicardial	−17.5 ± 3.4	−18.3 ± 3.1 *	−17.7 ± 4.4 *,§

*, p < 0.01 compared to endocardial longitudinal strain; ^§, p < 0.01 compared to mid-myocardial longitudinal strain.