Table 4.

HSPs and their potential role in in various human diseases.

Diseases	Stress Proteins	Role of Stress Proteins	References
Cancers	HSP90	Affecting client protein interaction	[107,108,127,128]
	HSP70	Promoting cell survival	[150,155,156,171,255]
	HSP60,	Interact with cytochrome-C and DAXX pro- and anti-apoptotic role	[220]
	sHSPs	Anchorage-independent growth, increase invasiveness	[256,257,258]
	Ubiquitin	Regulating ER stress, PERK-mediated UPS	[273,283]
Neurodegeneration, dementia, Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease	HSP100	Binding with HSP70 and HSP40 and preventing aggregates	[105,107,108]
	HSP90	Cdc37 complex disruption,	[135,136]
	HSP70	Mitochondrial integrity, oxidative stress	[170]
	HSP60	Pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α, binds to Aβ oligomers	[205,213]
	HSP27	αβ-crystallin, α- synuclein	[263,264]
	Ubiquitin	Parkin, a ubiquitin E3 ligase, misfolded α-synuclein	[138,287]
Auto-immune disease	HSP60	HSP60 peptides, elicit cytotoxic T cell responses	[195,196,197,198]
	HSP27	Cellular stress, 1L-1β in LPS-treated monocytes	[216,240,241]
Infectious diseases	HSP70	Viral replication	[158,159,160,161]
	HSP60	Cell surface expression IL8	[202]
Inflammation Rheumatoid arthritis	HSP60	Cytokine signaling processes and release	[206,207,208]
Cardiovascular disease	HSP70	Insulin resistance and anti-inflammatory effect	[170]
	HSP60	TLR2 and TLR4 functions	[193]
	HSP27	Desmin-linked	[253]
Metabolic diseases Diabetes	HSP70	Increases sensitivity to insulin	[165,166,167,171]
	HSP60	Modulates the TLRs and IGF-I receptor level, PI3-K/Akt activation	[196,197,198,199,200]
	Ubiquitin	IRE1, USP14-mediated regulation	[274,275]