Table 3.
Descriptive and Multilevel Modeling Results for Blood-Based Inflammatory Marker Outcomes for American Elderberry Juice Intervention (n = 7) vs. Placebo–Control (n = 5).
| Baseline | 3 Months | 6 Months | Time | Condition | Time x Condition | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Variable | M | SD | M | SD | M | SD | F | p | F | p | F | p | η 2 |
| LDHA | 7.68 | 0.01 ** | 6.71 | 0.02 ** | 5.63 | 0.03 ** | 0.11 | ||||||
| Elderberry | 2.35 | 1.45 | 2.06 | 0.62 | 2.14 | 1.17 | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- |
| Placebo | 4.78 | 2.34 | 2.70 | 1.08 | 2.07 | 0.89 | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- |
| LDHB | 5.70 | 0.03 ** | 2.52 | 0.12 | 4.27 | 0.05 * | 0.10 | ||||||
| Elderberry | 2.45 | 1.34 | 3.44 | 0.94 | 3.36 | 1.58 | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- |
| Placebo | 4.12 | 1.41 | 3.50 | 1.63 | 1.88 | 1.03 | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- |
| A2M | 2.58 | 0.12 | 3.55 | 0.07 * | 3.59 | 0.07 * | 0.11 | ||||||
| Elderberry | 3119.87 | 492.68 | 3242.41 | 408.57 | 3573.79 | 514.29 | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- |
| Placebo | 3872.48 | 656.22 | 4080.46 | 795.04 | 3834.99 | 645.91 | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- |
| Vasorin | 2.63 | 0.12 | 3.22 | 0.08 * | 4.26 | 0.05 * | 0.12 | ||||||
| Elderberry | 5.44 | 2.20 | 3.71 | 1.08 | 3.53 | 2.38 | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- |
| Placebo | 3.66 | 0.82 | 3.45 | 1.17 | 3.89 | .85 | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- |
| PEDF | 0.00 | 0.99 | 3.67 | 0.07 * | 3.58 | 0.07 * | 0.11 | ||||||
| Elderberry | 48.19 | 7.77 | 54.11 | 4.83 | 52.64 | 8.61 | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- |
| Placebo | 58.37 | 4.03 | 56.13 | 7.32 | 53.90 | 7.30 | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- |
| C4-A | 17.07 | <0.001 *** | 0.72 | 0.40 | 0.72 | 0.40 | 0.02 | ||||||
| Elderberry | 646.44 | 75.07 | 712.56 | 58.83 | 724.76 | 63.32 | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- |
| Placebo | 736.38 | 104.29 | 777.38 | 92.29 | 788.00 | 67.93 | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- |
| C4-B | 14.74 | <0.001 *** | 0.64 | 0.43 | 0.58 | 0.45 | 0.02 | ||||||
| Elderberry | 650.23 | 80.51 | 719.45 | 71.09 | 727.34 | 68.83 | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- |
| Placebo | 742.91 | 106.47 | 784.59 | 88.91 | 794.49 | 70.93 | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- |
| PCYOX1 | 1.41 | 0.25 | 3.58 | 0.07 * | 3.02 | 0.096 * | 0.08 | ||||||
| Elderberry | 22.15 | 4.50 | 20.26 | 3.24 | 16.15 | 7.88 | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- |
| Placebo | 16.19 | 5.25 | 15.42 | 2.22 | 17.32 | 5.02 | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- |
| Factor D | 0.11 | 0.75 | 3.59 | 0.99 | 5.35 | 0.03 ** | 0.13 | ||||||
| Elderberry | 6.80 | 2.35 | 5.23 | 2.28 | 4.34 | 2.95 | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- |
| Placebo | 5.67 | 1.60 | 4.52 | 1.37 | 7.52 | 1.79 | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- |
Note. Inflammatory marker levels indicate the relative concentration. For MLM interaction terms, η2 was used to describe effect sizes [small (η2 = 0.01), medium (η2 = 0.06), and large (η2 = 0.14); [36,37]. LDHA = L-Lactate Dehydrogenase A Chain; LDHB = L-Lactate Dehydrogenase B Chain; A2M = Alpha-2-Macroglobulin; PEDF = Pigment Epithelium-Derived Factor; Complement C4-A; Complement C4-B; PCYOXY1 = Prenylcysteine Oxidase 1; Factor D = Complement Factor D. MLM models were also conducted with sex as a covariate. The sex covariate was non-significant, and results remained similar across all outcomes. Thus, it was not considered further, and results are presented without including sex in MLM models. * p < 0.10 (trending); ** p < 0.05; *** p < 0.01.