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. 2024 Apr 6;14(4):391. doi: 10.3390/jpm14040391

Table 2.

Psychobiotics for Schizophrenia.

Psychobiotic Effect on Schizophrenia Potential Mechanism
Lactobacillus rhamnosus (JB-1) [83] Reduced stress-induced corticosterone levels; decreased depressive behavior Downregulation of HPA axis activity; alteration in GABA receptor expression
Mycobacterium vaccae
[7,84]
Reduced anxiety in maze-learning tasks Not specified
Bifidobacteria infantis
[7,85]
Increased tryptophan and serotonin levels; decreased pro-inflammatory cytokines Immunomodulatory effects; modulation of tryptophan metabolism
Lactobacillus helveticus NS8
[7]
Lowered post-restraint anxiety; enhanced memory; reduced corticosterone and ACTH levels Anti-inflammatory effects; increase in hippocampal BDNF mRNA
Lactobacillus rhamnosus JB-1 (additional study) [7] Elevated concentrations of glutamate, GABA, and tNAA, indicating changes in neural metabolism Modulation of neurotransmitter concentrations, particularly in excitatory and inhibitory balance
General Probiotics
[7]
Observations of reduced gastrointestinal inflammation, immune activation, and modulation of physiological variables including inflammatory markers Anti-inflammatory properties; vagus nerve stimulation; cytokine modulation