Table 2.
Psychobiotic | Effect on Schizophrenia | Potential Mechanism |
---|---|---|
Lactobacillus rhamnosus (JB-1) [83] | Reduced stress-induced corticosterone levels; decreased depressive behavior | Downregulation of HPA axis activity; alteration in GABA receptor expression |
Mycobacterium vaccae [7,84] |
Reduced anxiety in maze-learning tasks | Not specified |
Bifidobacteria infantis [7,85] |
Increased tryptophan and serotonin levels; decreased pro-inflammatory cytokines | Immunomodulatory effects; modulation of tryptophan metabolism |
Lactobacillus helveticus NS8 [7] |
Lowered post-restraint anxiety; enhanced memory; reduced corticosterone and ACTH levels | Anti-inflammatory effects; increase in hippocampal BDNF mRNA |
Lactobacillus rhamnosus JB-1 (additional study) [7] | Elevated concentrations of glutamate, GABA, and tNAA, indicating changes in neural metabolism | Modulation of neurotransmitter concentrations, particularly in excitatory and inhibitory balance |
General Probiotics [7] |
Observations of reduced gastrointestinal inflammation, immune activation, and modulation of physiological variables including inflammatory markers | Anti-inflammatory properties; vagus nerve stimulation; cytokine modulation |