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. 2024 Apr 16;12(4):804. doi: 10.3390/microorganisms12040804

Figure 2.

Figure 2

Summary of the main mechanisms of intestinal damage caused by intense and prolonged physical exercise: thermal stress, splachnic ischemia, oxidative stress, activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, inflammatory reactions, and immune alteration (see text) [6].