ABTS	2,2′-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid)
AO	antioxidant activity
AR	analytical-reagent (AR)-grade chemicals are chemicals that meet the specifications outlined for analytical applications in laboratories. These chemicals are of high purity, typically exceeding 95 percent, with impurities specified and controlled to ensure accuracy and reliability in analytical procedures.
BALB/c 3T3	Bagg Albino mouse fibroblast cells
DDE	dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene
DDT	dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane
DMEM	Dulbecco’s Modification of Eagle’s Medium
FA	fulvic acid
FBS	foetal bovine serum
HA	humic acid
HaCaT	human adult low-calcium high-temperature keratinocytes (HaCaT cells)
LOI	loss on ignition
NRU	neutral red uptake
OECD	Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development
PBS	phosphate-buffered saline
SCCS	Scientific Committee on Consumer Safety
TAS	total antioxidant status
TOC	total organic carbon
TPC	total polyphenolic content