Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of mother–infant dyads.
| Characteristics | Underweight Mothers (n = 63) | Normal Weight Mothers (n = 43) | Overweight Mothers (n = 29) | % Difference Underweight vs. Normal Weight | % Difference Overweight vs. Normal Weight | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| M other | Mean (SD) or n (%) | Mean (SD) or n (%) | Mean (SD) or n (%) | |||||
| Age at delivery (yrs) | 23.0 | 3.0 | 22.7 | 3.0 | 23.8 | 3.0 | 1.3 | 4.8 |
| Height (cm) | 153.1 | 5.7 | 151.8 | 5.5 | 152.0 | 5.7 | 1.3 | 0.2 |
| Family history of diabetes (n, %) | 14 | 22.2 | 11 | 25.6 | 10 | 34.5 | −3.4 | 8.9 |
| Highest education: 10th grade or less (n, %) | 45 | 71.4 | 3.0 | 58.1 | 13 | 44.8 | 13.3 | −13.3 |
| Income (Indian Rupee) | 10,920 | 4330 | 10,560 | 3100 | 12,720 | 9680 | 3.4 | 20.5 |
| Religion: Hindu (n, %) | 60 | 95.2 | 36 | 83.7 | 25 | 86.2 | 11.5 | 2.5 |
| Random Glucose–1st trimester (mg/dL) | 88.0 | 14.2 | 88.7 | 17.2 | 87.7 | 11.9 | −0.8 | −1.1 |
| Glucose from 50 g Glucose Challenge Test (mg/dL) | 103.6 | 23.2 | 101.3 | 23.9 | 106.2 | 23.8 | 2.3 | 4.8 |
| BMI 1st trimester (kg/m2) | 17.0 | 1.2 | 20.6 | 1.3 | 25.1 | 1.3 | −17.5 | 21.8 |
| Weight 1st trimester (kg) | 39.7 | 4.2 | 47.5 | 4.4 | 58.2 | 6.7 | −16.4 | 22.5 |
| Weight 2nd trimester (kg) | 42.1 | 4.6 | 49.0 | 4.9 | 59.3 | 6.7 | −14.1 | 21.0 |
| Weight 3rd trimester (kg) | 50.3 | 5.7 | 57.8 | 6.3 | 68.0 | 7.8 | −13.0 | 17.6 |
| Total Weight Gain (kg) | 11.5 | 3.9 | 11.1 | 3.5 | 10.5 | 4.2 | 3.6 | −5.4 |
| Infant | ||||||||
| Gestational Age at birth (weeks) | 38.2 | 1.7 | 38.0 | 1.9 | 37.9 | 1.4 | 0.5 | −0.3 |
| Sex: female (n, %) | 31 | 49.2 | 24 | 55.8 | 14 | 48.3 | −6.6 | −7.5 |
| Preterm birth (n, %) | 7 | 11.1 | 9 | 20.9 | 7 | 24.1 | −9.8 | 3.2 |
| Birth weight (g) | 2680 | 380 | 2820 | 410 | 2930 | 430 | −5.2 | 3.7 |
| Weight for Age Z score | −1.3 | 0.8 | −1.2 | 1.1 | −0.9 | 1.0 | −0.1 * | 0.3 * |
| Length at birth (cm) | 47.0 | 2.3 | 47.2 | 2.7 | 46.7 | 3.6 | −0.4 | −1.1 |
| Length for Age Z score | −1.3 | 1.2 | −1.3 | 1.4 | −1.3 | 1.3 | 0 * | 0 * |
| Head Circumference (cm) | 33.4 | 2.5 | 33.6 | 3.2 | 34.6 | 3.5 | −0.6 | 3.0 |
| Head Circumference for Age Z score | −0.6 | 2.1 | −0.4 | 2.7 | 0.3 | 3.0 | −0.2 * | 0.7 * |
| Glucose at birth (mg/dL) | 84.9 | 22.0 | 100.5 | 21.9 | 88.5 | 24.0 | −15.5 | −11.9 |
| Insulin at birth (mIU/L) | 5.4 | 8.8 | 4.9 | 7.1 | 4.8 | 5.7 | 10.2 | −3.0 |
| C-peptide at birth (pmol/L) | 260.3 | 243.5 | 231.0 | 245.0 | 246.3 | 153.6 | 12.7 | 6.6 |
| HOMA2-IR at birth (mean, SD) | 0.56 | 0.56 | 0.51 | 0.55 | 0.53 | 0.31 | 9.2 | 3.1 |
| HOMA2-B at birth (mean, SD) | 83.5 | 55.2 | 55.4 | 51.5 | 79.9 | 60.8 | 50.8 | 44.2 |
All HOMA2 indices shown were calculated using C-peptide. * For Z-score variables, differences in Z scores are shown.