| Abbreviation | Full Name |
| CVD | cardiovascular disease |
| CMD | cardiometabolic disorder |
| AS | atherosclerosis |
| PTM | post-translational modification |
| MVO2 | myocardial oxygen consumption |
| PPCI | primary percutaneous coronary intervention |
| VSMCs | vascular smooth muscle cells |
| PH | pulmonary hypertension |
| ATP | adenosine triphosphate |
| NADH | nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide |
| LDH | lactate dehydrogenases |
| PDH | pyruvate dehydrogenase |
| MCTs | monocarboxylate transporters |
| SDLT | symptomatic lactate transport |
| HHF7 | hyperinsulinemic hypoglycemia familial type 7 |
| MCT1D | monocarboxylate transporter 1 deficiency |
| TME | tumor microenvironment |
| ETC | electron transport chain |
| H2O2 | hydrogen peroxide |
| GPCRs | G protein-coupled receptors |
| PKA | protein kinase A |
| TAMs | tumor-associated macrophages |
| HPLC | high-performance liquid chromatography |
| MS/MS | tandem mass spectrometry |
| CBP | CREB-binding protein |
| HMGB1 | high mobility group box-1 |
| GC | gastric cancer |
| RCT | rotator cuff tendinopathy |
| HCC | hepatocellular cancer |
| CIRI | cerebral ischemia–reperfusion injury |
| METTL3 | methyltransferase 3 |
| ALDOA | fructose bisphosphate aldolase A |
| CENPs | centromere proteins |
| TCA | tricarboxylic acid |
| alpha-MHC | alpha-myosin heavy chain |
| CI/R | cerebral ischemia/reperfusion |
| Sox10 | Sex-determining region Y (SRY)-related HMG-box gene 10 |
| TNF-α | tumor necrosis factor-α |
| ECs | endothelial cells |
| MAPK | mitogen-activated protein kinase |
| AS | atherosclerosis |
| iNOS | nitric oxide synthase |
| Arg1 | arginase-1 |
| TLRs | Toll-like receptors |
| GSK3 | glycogen synthase kinase 3 |
| FOXO1 | forkhead box protein O1 |
| LPS | Lipopolysaccharide |
| lncRNA | long non-coding RNA |
| AGP | andrographolide |
| VICs | valve interstitial cells |
| LDL-C | low-density lipoprotein cholesterol |
| MPC | mitochondrial pyruvate carrier |
| iWAT | inguinal white adipose tissue |
| HTG | Huazhuo Tiaozhi Granule |
| DR | diabetic retinopathy |
| ROS | reactive oxygen species |
| mROS | mitochondrial reactive oxygen species |
| HIF-1α | hypoxia-inducible factor 1-alpha |
| PASMCs | pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells |