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. 2024 Apr 18;14(4):234. doi: 10.3390/metabo14040234

Figure 1.

Figure 1

Salivary stress biomarker levels [(A) Cortisol; (B) Amylase activity; (C) Total esterase activity (TEA); (D) Butyrylcholinesterase activity (BChE); (E) Oxytocin] in the improved handling group (Group A) and stressful handling group (Group B), obtained the day before transport to slaughterhouse 8:00 a.m. (B0) and 12:00 a.m. (B4), and the day of slaughter just after unloading animals at the slaughterhouse at approximately 8:00 a.m. (S0) and after 4 h of lairage at approximately 12:00 a.m. (S4). Statistical analysis: letters indicate significant differences within each group between sampling points at the same hour of the day (b: p < 0.01; c: p < 0.001); asterisks indicate differences between groups at a given sampling point (*: p < 0.05; **: p < 0.01; ***: p < 0.001).